Field-Flow Fractionation Handbook - Hardcover

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 0471184306 ISBN 13: 9780471184300

Publisher: Wiley-Interscience, 2000

Synopsis

Field flow fractionation (FFF) is an emerging separation technique, which has been proven successful in the analysis of pharmaceuticals, biotechnology products, polymers, soils, and foods, among others. In this book, Martin Schimpf joins forces with Karin Caldwell and J. Calvin Giddings, two of the primary developers of this technique, to bring you the first comprehensive, one-stop reference on the technique.

About this title

About the Author

Martin E. Schimpf is the author of Field-Flow Fractionation Handbook, published by Wiley.

Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.

Field-Flow Fractionation Handbook

John Wiley & Sons

Copyright © 2000 Martin E. Schimpf
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-471-18430-0

Contents

Preface.................................................................................................................................................ixContributors............................................................................................................................................xiList of Symbols.........................................................................................................................................xvSolvent Properties......................................................................................................................................xixI. PRINCIPLES AND THEORY................................................................................................................................11. The Field-Flow Fractionation Family: Underlying Principles J. Calvin Giddings.......................................................................32. Retention-Normal Mode Mark R. Schure, Martin E. Schimpf, and Paul D. Schettler......................................................................313. Band Broadening and Plate Height Joe M. Davis.......................................................................................................494. Resolution and Fractionating Power Martin E. Schimpf................................................................................................715. Steric Field-Flow Fractionation and the Steric Transition Karin D. Caldwell.........................................................................796. Optimization Martin E. Schimpf.......................................................................................................................957. Physicochemical Measurements and Distributions from Field-Flow Fractionation Francesco Dondi and Michel Martin......................................1038. Sedimentation FFF Methodology: Insights through Computer Simulations Mark R. Schure, Karin D. Caldwell, and Bhajendra N. Barman.....................1339. Programmed Field-Flow Fractionation: Retention P. Stephen Williams..................................................................................14510. Programmed Field-Flow Fractionation: Fractionating Power and Optimization P. Stephen Williams......................................................167II. TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATIONS.....................................................................................................................18311. Experimental Field-Flow Fractionation: Overview Martin E. Schimpf..................................................................................18512. Sample Preparation and Choice of Carrier Liquid in Field-Flow Fractionation Bhajendra N. Barman and Myeong Hee Moon................................18913. Experimental Field-Flow Fractionation: Practices and Precautions Myeong Hee Moon and Marcus N. Myers...............................................19914. Ancillary Equipment Marcus N. Myers, Larry E. Oppenheimer, and Martin E. Schimpf...................................................................21315. Sedimentation Field-Flow Fractionation Myeong Hee Moon.............................................................................................22516. Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation Martin E. Schimpf.................................................................................................23917. Flow Field-Flow Fractionation S. Kim Ratanathanawongs-Williams.....................................................................................25718. Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation Karl-Gustav Wahlund.....................................................................................27919. Electrical Field-Flow Fractionation Karin D. Caldwell..............................................................................................29520. Other Field-Flow Fractionation Techniques James C. Bigelow.........................................................................................31321. Sample Recovery S. Kim Ratanathanawongs-Williams and J. Calvin Giddings............................................................................325III. APPLICATIONS: INDUSTRIAL AND BIOMEDICAL............................................................................................................34522. Latexes and Emulsions Bhajendra N. Barman..........................................................................................................34723. Metal Particles Larry E. Oppenheimer, Stephan Anger, and Karin D. Caldwell.........................................................................36324. Miscellaneous Submicrometer-Sized Particles Bhajendra N. Barman....................................................................................37325. Miscellaneous Particles [greater than or equal to]1 m in Diameter Myeong Hee Moon.................................................................38326. Lipophilic Polymers Seungho Lee....................................................................................................................39727. Synthetic Polymers-Water Soluble Maria Anna Benincasa..............................................................................................40728. Protein Complexes and Lipoproteins Ping Li and Marcia Hansen.......................................................................................43329. Cell Separations Armelle Lucas, Fabienne Lepage, and Phillipe Cardot...............................................................................471IV. APPLICATIONS: ENVIRONMENTAL.........................................................................................................................48730. Overview of Environmental Applications Ronald Beckett..............................................................................................48931. Characterization of Humic Substances Ronald Beckett and Martin E. Schimpf..........................................................................49732. Aquatic Colloids James Ranville and Ronald Beckett.................................................................................................50733. Investigation of Pollutant-Particle Association Deirdre Murphy and Ronald Beckett..................................................................52534. Biological Particles of Environmental Interest Reshmi Sharma and Ronald Beckett....................................................................537Index...................................................................................................................................................561

Preface

Field-flow fractionation (FFF) occupies a unique niche in the field of analytical separations because it is the only technique that is capable of separating materials over the entire colloidal size range (1-1,000 nm) with high resolution. Still, FFF has not enjoyed what can be considered an explosive phase of growth, like those encountered in the development of gas and liquid chromatography. There are many theories as to why this is so, and certainly a combination of factors is responsible. FFF practitioners clearly agree that one hindrance to the widespread use of FFF as a routine tool for sizing macromolecules and colloids stems from its greatest asset. That asset is its versatility, and versatility comes with a price. Thus, even though FFF is applicable to an incredible range of materials, from macromolecules of a few thousand grams per mode or more to particles as large as 100 mm, there is no simple formula for choosing the proper subtechnique, let alone the experimental variables within a given subtechnique for a given application. One must understand the underlying mechanism of the separation and gather a certain amount of experience to apply FFF to a new separation problem with reasonable success or efficiency. The goal of this handbook is to provide a useful guide to the implementation of FFF by first-time or infrequent users, while serving as a broad reference for more experienced FFF practitioners. In addressing this goal, the handbook contains a comprehensive description of the four primary FFF subtechniques, with specific examples and applications for each. Perhaps the greatest value of this handbook lies in the fact that the authors are experts in the respective subtechniques that they address and so are able to advise the reader, from firsthand experience, on how to avoid certain pitfalls associated with developing and implementing FFF applications.

FFF symbols and abbreviations are used uniformly throughout most of this work, and a list of these is contained in the following pages. We have attempted to unify much of the terminology used by various authors, but there is still some argument regarding the best terms to use for the different modes of retention. Giddings referred to the "normal" mode of elution as the mode in which Brownian motion plays an active role in establishing the concentration profile in the channel, so that smaller components elute ahead of larger ones in an otherwise homogeneous sample. Others prefer the term "Brownian" mode, because it more accurately describes the underlying mechanism associated with that mode of retention. Time will tell which term will be adopted by the majority of FFF users. For now, we will use the terms "Brownian mode" and "normal mode" synonymously.

A similar type of disagreement exists for naming the alternate mode of retention, where Brownian motion is minimal and larger components tend to elute ahead of smaller ones because they physically protrude into the higher-velocity flow streams located away from the channel walls. Giddings first coined the term "steric" for this mode of retention, and later when it became clear that in many situations the particles are subject to lift forces, he coined the word "hyperlayer" mode. The distinction between the steric and hyperlayer modes is technically the presence of a lift force, so that rather than rolling along the accumulation wall, particles form a hyperlayer away from the wall. In practice, we tend to encourage the formation of hyperlayers by increasing the flow rate, because this reduces wall interactions, particularly in flow FFF. The transition between steric and hyperlayer modes is not as experimentally obvious as the transition between the normal and steric modes. As a result, many FFF practitioners use the term steric ?hyperlayer mode for any situation in which larger particles elute ahead of smaller ones; others use the terms "lift" mode, "lift-hyperlayer" mode, and "focusing" mode. We do not attempt to force any particular terminology here, but when it is not clear as to which mode (steric or hyperlayer) is under discussion, or when both modes are under discussion, either the term "steric ?hyperlayer" or the term "lift" is used.

The book is divided into four parts. The first section, entitled Principles and Theory, gives an overview of FFF as a family of separation techniques. The underlying mechanism that characterizes FFF as a unique method of separation is described, and mathematical models for retention and band broadening are presented. These models are then used to discuss issues of resolution and optimization, as well as the extraction of physicochemical parameters that can be calculated from measurements of FFF retention. The second section of the book, entitled Techniques and Instrumentation, focuses on the implementation of FFF. Chapters in this section range from issues involved with choosing a carrier liquid to a discussion of the utility of various detectors. In addition, a separate chapter is devoted to each of the four major FFF subtechniques. The final two sections are devoted to applications. It is in these sections that the extreme versatility of FFF as a class of separation techniques becomes evident. Virtually any material that is larger than a few nanometers in diameter, and that can be either dissolved or suspended, can be separated by one of the commercially available FFF subtechniques. Of course, the separation is not always automatic or routine. In each new application, there are issues that need to be systematically resolved. Fortunately for the user, the issues have been resolved for the applications discussed in parts III and IV. Between the guidelines established in the first two sections, and the specific examples given in the remaining sections, our goal is to provide readers with a solid foundation from which to venture out in utilizing the versatility of FFF for their own unique applications.

(Continues...)

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Edition details

• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
• Publication date: 2000
• Language: English
• ISBN 10: 0471184306
• ISBN 13: 9780471184300
• Binding: Hardcover
• Edition number: 1
• Number of pages: 616
• Editor: Schimpf Martin E., Caldwell Karin, Giddings J. Calvin