Pops: A Life of Louis Armstrong - Hardcover

Teachout, Terry

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 0151010897 ISBN 13: 9780151010899

Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009

Synopsis

Louis Armstrong is widely known as the greatest jazz musician of the twentieth century. He was a phenomenally gifted and imaginative artist, and an entertainer so irresistibly magnetic that he knocked the Beatles off the top of the charts four decades after he cut his first record. Offstage he was witty, introspective, and unexpectedly complex, a beloved colleague with an explosive temper whose larger-than-life personality was tougher and more sharp-edged than his worshiping fans ever knew.

Wall Street Journal critic Terry Teachout has drawn on a cache of important new sources unavailable to previous biographers, including hundreds of candid after-hours recordings made by Armstrong himself, to craft a sweeping new narrative biography. Certain to be the definitive word on Armstrong for our generation, Pops paints a gripping portrait of the man, his world, and his music that will stand alongside Gary Giddinsâ s Bing Crosby and Peter Guralnickâ s Last Train to Memphis as a classic biography of a major American musician.

About this title

About the Author

Terry Teachout is the drama critic of The Wall Street Journal and the chief culture critic ofCommentary. He played jazz professionally before becoming a a full-time writer. His books includeAll in the Dances: A Brief Life of George Balanchine, The Skeptic: A Life of H.L. Mencken andA Terry Teachout Reader. He blogs about the arts at www.terryteachout.com.

Reviews

From The Washington Post's Book World/washingtonpost.com Reviewed by Louis Bayard Let's propose that the best jazz expresses either the joy or the pain of making music. We can easily list the agonistas: Miles Davis, Billie Holiday, Charlie Parker, Nina Simone. But whom do we turn to for joy? In a pinch, sure, Fats Waller, Art Tatum or Ella Fitzgerald. But to get the biggest pickup in the shortest span of time, I put on Louis Armstrong. He could be crooning "Gone Fishin' " with Bing Crosby or crowing "I've Got the World on a String" or blowing the brass off his horn in "Dipper Mouth Blues," an explosion of sound so ecstatic as to make the blues impossible. The end result is always the same. I walk away a happier man. It wasn't until I read Terry Teachout's exceptional biography that I realized quite how problematic happiness can be. Or how heroic. We're familiar with the outlines of Armstrong's childhood, thanks in large part to his idiosyncratically eloquent memoir, "Satchmo." We know that he was born at the turn of the 20th century in New Orleans's poorest quarter. That his father was a no-show from day one and that his mother was a part-time prostitute who plied her wares on the evocatively named Perdido Street. That the young Louis was so poor he picked through garbage barrels for half-spoiled food to sell to restaurants and that he was arrested at the age of 11 for firing a gun on New Year's Eve. By any measure of probability, he should have sunk from sight, but he had the good fortune to be packed off to a progressive reform school, where he was encouraged to pick up the cornet. Hooked at first blow, he refined his craft in New Orleans brothels and on Mississippi River steamboats, and by the time he reached manhood, his fame had spread far enough that he was summoned to Chicago to play in the Creole Jazz Band. What happened next was not just a new form of music but a new way of hearing the world. It's worth heeding Teachout's reminder that Armstrong "did not invent jazz, nor was he its first significant figure, and it is not right even to call him the first great jazz soloist." But he was "the first great influence in jazz. No sooner did he burst upon the scene than other musicians -- trumpeters, saxophonists, singers -- started imitating him." Figures as diverse as Coleman Hawkins, Max Kaminsky, Lionel Hampton and Billie Holiday drew sustenance from Armstrong. He was the guy who got there first. His technique wasn't perfect -- a flaw in his embouchure, or mouth placement, often strained his chops to bursting -- and his singing voice was, to say the least, unusual (one listener likened it to "a wheelbarrow crunching up a gravel driveway"), but the power and spot-on intonation of his trumpet playing, his ability to wax both lyrical and kinetic, created music of rare excitement. Listening to 1920s cuts like "Shanghai Shuffle" and the seminal "West End Blues," you hear a musician soaring into the unknown, driving his instrument into clarinet-like upper ranges without sacrificing an ounce of ease or clarity. "The higher he went," reported one fan, "the broader his tone got -- and it was beautiful!" If Armstrong had had the good sense to die then, like his friend Bix Beiderbecke, his place in the critical pantheon would be both smaller and more secure. Recognizing, however, that crossover fame meant leaving the jazz-club grotto, he spent the next two decades touring the country with mediocre big bands, playing dance and pop music for largely white crowds. He toured 300 nights a year, he appeared on radio, he made movies, and he became what purists could never forgive: popular. Not just the first jazz musician to make the cover of Time but probably the only jazz musician most Americans could identify. A court jester so familiar at first sight or hearing that he required no last name. Close your eyes, and he comes straight back: the popped eyes, the face-rifting grin, the handkerchief forever dabbing at the workingman's sweat. Armstrong was, in short, everything his bebop successors despised: apolitical (except for a brief outburst against Eisenhower), unabashedly melodic, interested in the audience's comfort. Dizzy Gillespie, no mean jester himself, accused Armstrong of "Uncle Tom-like subservience," and even Armstrong's allies winced at how he ceded control of his career to a mob-affiliated white manager who gouged him out of millions of dollars. Maybe we need a half-century's distance to see this gifted man without the filter of politics, to regard his grin not as an accommodation to the white world but as the distillation of his soul. True goodness may be the hardest quality to pin down, or to accept, in art, but that is what Armstrong's music abounds in, even at its most commercial. He was, in Teachout's lovely phrase, "a major-key artist," whose "lavish generosity of spirit was part and parcel of his prodigal way of making music." That prodigality is our gift, and Louis Armstrong, I am happy to report, is still grinning at us. Upon finishing this definitive biography, the reader is instructed to flip to the discography, download every last song, listen and grin the hell back. bookworld@washpost.com
Copyright 2009, The Washington Post. All Rights Reserved.

Starred Review. Following his biographies of H.L. Mencken and George Balanchine, Teachout turns to another mighty pillar of 20th-century American culture, Louis Armstrong, a black man born at the turn of the century in the poorest quarter of New Orleans who by the end of his life was known and loved in every corner of the earth. It may seem odd to speak of someone of Louis Armstrong's stature as needing recuperation, but his popularity has long been held against him by jazz purists and other music critics. Teachout brings a fresh perspective that, while candid about the ways Pops could hold himself back artistically, celebrates his ambition and capacity for renewal. The other knock against Armstrong is that if white Americans loved him so much, he must have been an Uncle Tom, a notion Teachout neatly demolishes. While Armstrong was keenly aware of the social realities of his time, his relentless work ethic was fueled by an equally intense optimism. (His patience, however, was not infinite; he publicly criticized President Eisenhower as having no guts for failing to enforce desegregation—one of the few celebrities who could be so outspoken without suffering substantial backlash.) Teachout's portrait reminds us why we fell in love with Armstrong's music in the first place. B&w photos throughout, many previously unpublished. (Dec. 2)
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Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.

Pops: A Life of Louis Armstrong

By Terry Teachout

Houghton Mifflin Harcout

Copyright © 2009 Terry Teachout
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-1510-1089-9

Chapter One

"Bastards from the Start" Apprenticeship in New Orleans, 1901-1919

TO THE NORTHERNER New Orleans is another country, seductive and disorienting, a steamy, shabby paradise of spicy cooking, wrought-iron balconies, and streets called Desire and Elysian Fields, a place where the signs advertise such mysterious commodities as poboys and muffuletta and no one is buried underground. We'll take the boat to the land of dreams, the pilgrim hears in his mind's ear as he prowls the French Quarter, pushing through the hordes of tipsy visitors and wondering whether the land of his dreams still exists-if it ever did. Rarely does he linger long enough to pierce the veneer of local color with which the natives shield themselves from the tourist trade. At the end of his stay he knows no more than when he came, and goes back home to puzzle out all that he has seen and smelled and tasted. A. J. Liebling, a well-traveled visitor from up North, saw New Orleans as a Mediterranean port transplanted to the Gulf of Mexico, a town of civilized pleasures whose settlers "carried with them a culture that had ripened properly, on the tree." He knew what he was seeing, but Walker Percy, who lived and died there, cast a cooler eye on the same sights: "The ironwork on the balconies sags like rotten lace.... Through deep sweating carriageways one catches glimpses of courtyards gone to jungle." Unlike Liebling, he caught the smell of decay.

To the southerner New Orleans is part of the family-but a special, eccentric member, a city cousin who can't be counted on to play by the rules, French and Roman Catholic in the midst of the hardest-bitten of Anglo-Saxon Protestant cultures, politically corrupt without limit and as morally latitudinarian as the rest of the South is publicly upright. In 1897 the city fathers went so far as to legalize prostitution in the restricted district that came to be known as Storyville. (It was named after Sidney Story, the councilman who drafted the ordinances that brought it into being, though musicians simply called it "the District.") The vote supplied official confirmation of what a horrified visitor from Virginia had said six decades before: "I am now in this great Southern Babylon-the mighty receptacle of wealth, depravity and misery." No one there pretended otherwise.

"You can make prostitution illegal in Louisiana," said Martin Behrman, the mayor of New Orleans during most of Storyville's existence, "but you can't make it unpopular." Not even when it came to race did the Crescent City always toe the line. In the twenties, Danny Barker remembered, it was the earnest and general feeling that any Negro who left New Orleans and journeyed across the state border and entered the hell-hole called the state of Mississippi for any reason other than to attend the funeral of a very close relative-mother, father, sister, brother, wife or husband-was well on the way to losing his mentality, or had already lost it.... When it was decided to live somewhere other than New Orleans, Chicago was the place, and the trip there was preferably a direct one, by way of the Illinois Central Railroad.

New Orleans was no paradise for blacks, but it gave them a measure of personal safety that was harder to find elsewhere in the Old South. The same encroaching swamps that forced the city to "bury" its dead in tombs instead of graves forced its black and white citizens into closer geographical intimacy, and some neighborhoods remained racially mixed after the swamps were drained. Unlike the African slaves who had to wait for the Civil War to bring their freedom, New Orleans's "Creoles of color," the descendants of the mixed-race slave children who were freed by their French and Spanish owner-fathers before the war, did not consider themselves black. "My folks was all Frenchmans," Jelly Roll Morton proclaimed proudly (and falsely). Some had owned slaves of their own, and long after slavery had been abolished, their descendants continued to look down on the children and grandchildren of the plantation immigrants who lived on the wrong side of Canal Street in the quarter of "uptown" New Orleans known as "Back o' Town." "The worst Jim Crow around New Orleans," Pops Foster said, "was what the colored did to themselves.... The lighter you were the better they thought you were." One dark-skinned musician recalled that some Creole bandleaders "wouldn't hire a man whose hair wasn't silky." Slavery itself was a marginally more merciful affair in New Orleans, where most of the city's slaves were domestic servants and some became skilled artisans. The freedmen who crowded into New Orleans after the war, more than doubling the city's black population between 1860 and 1880, learned from the example of their urban brethren. As for the Creoles of color, they were already a full-fledged black middle class, among the first of its kind in America.

Yet such privileges as were enjoyed by New Orleans's blacks, whatever their hue, could be withdrawn at any time, a fact of which the Creoles were intensely aware. With the coming of the post-Reconstruction "Jim Crow" laws, they were pushed back across the color line. It was a Creole of color, Homer Plessy, whose attempt to ride in the first-class section of a train car led to Plessy v. Ferguson, the 1896 U.S. Supreme Court decision that made racial segregation legal. After an interlude of heterodoxy, New Orleans was back in the fold. "No matter how much his Diamond Sparkled," the dark-skinned Louis Armstrong wrote of the light-skinned Jelly Roll Morton, "he still had to eat in the Kitchen, the same as we Blacks." A black man who came out of the kitchen, Armstrong knew, could end up dead: "At ten years old I could see-the Bluffings that those Old Fat Belly Stinking very Smelly Dirty White Folks were putting Down ... they get full of their Mint Julep or that bad whisky, the poor white Trash were Guzzling down, like water, then when they get so Damn drunk until they'd go out of their minds-then it's Nigger Hunting time. Any Nigger."

In matters of sex as much as race, the city struggled with its confused heritage. Many plantation owners slept with the black women they owned, but in New Orleans such liaisons were conducted openly, and long after the half-open door of borderline acceptability slammed shut on interracial sex, the city's bordellos catered as openly to white men who shared their grandfathers' appetites. The same Basin Street celebrated in song as the street / Where the dark and light folk meet was also the main drag of Storyville, and when dark and light folks met there, it was often to engage in sexual commerce, sometimes accompanied by a still-unnamed style of music in which the written-out dance tunes performed by Creoles of color were infused with the rhythmically freer style of African American blacks.

Sex, race, and music: put them together and you get New Orleans at the turn of the twentieth century, a city with one foot in Europe and the other in the Deep South, committed to a tolerance bordering on libertinism yet unwilling to fully recognize the humanity of a third of its people. "I sure had a ball there growing up," its most distinguished native son would remember long after he moved away, never to return save as a visitor. He loved his hometown with all his heart-but he saw it as it was.

* * *

Until the day he died, Louis Armstrong claimed that he was born on July 4, 1900. He said so in Satchmo: My Life in New Orleans and Swing That Music, his two published memoirs, and on innumerable other occasions, and although at least one biographer found the date too pat to be plausible, it was only in 1988 that a researcher located an entry in Latin for "Armstrong (niger, illegitimus)" in the handwritten baptismal register of New Orleans's Sacred Heart of Jesus Church. According to that record, Louis Armstrong was born on August 4, 1901, the natural son of William Armstrong (known as Willie), who spent most of his adult life working in a turpentine factory, and Mary Ann Albert (known as Mayann, though her son spelled it different ways over the years), a fifteen-year-old country girl who came to New Orleans to work as a household servant. The event went unremarked by the local papers, which had more important things to cover than the birth of yet another "niger, illegitimus." The front page of the next day's Daily Picayune concerned itself with a lynching in Mississippi and a speech in which a South Carolina senator declared that "the 'niggers' are not fit to vote." (The latter story also made the front page of the New York Times.) Three weeks later Armstrong was baptized a Roman Catholic, the faith of his paternal great-grandmother, though he never practiced it and did not even know that he had gone through the ceremony as an infant. By then his father had left Mayann for another woman. In 1903 Willie and Mayann reconciled for a short time and had a second child, a daughter named Beatrice (known as Mama Lucy), but Armstrong did not live with his father, or spend any amount of time with him, until he was a teenager.

No one knows when or why Armstrong added a year to his age. He never celebrated his birthday as a boy, and it is possible, even likely, that he did not know the true year of his birth. All that can be said with certainty is that the incorrect year became a matter of legal record when he registered for the draft in 1918 and that he stuck to it with unswerving consistency thereafter. We do know, however, that it was Mayann who told him that "the night I was born there was a great big shooting scrape" in the neighborhood. Later on he claimed that it was "a blasting fourth of July, my mother called it, that I came into this world and they named me the firecracker baby." She was right about the incident but misremembered the date-it took place a month later. It is only because of surviving baptismal and census records that we now know both the date and year to have been wrong. Outside of these records, most of the rest of what we know of Armstrong's childhood is what he tells us in his writings, augmented by our knowledge of New Orleans and the memories of those who knew him as a boy. He wrote at length about his young years, and the picture he paints is often chaotic and sad, though he did not find it so. But he never glossed over the hardships that he faced, or left much doubt as to whom he blamed for them.

Beyond describing him as "a sharp man, tall and handsome and well built," Armstrong had little to say about his father, none of it good. From childhood onward he attached himself to older men, and it is reasonable to suppose that he was looking for some small part of what his own father had failed to give him. In the same breath that he praised Willie's looks, he added that "my father did not have time to teach me anything; he was too busy chasing chippies." That was in Satchmo, in which he often withheld comment about matters he otherwise described frankly, letting them speak for themselves. In later years he was franker still:

The man who May Ann told us was our father left us the day we were born. The next time we heard of him-he had gone into an uptown neighborhood and made several other children by another woman. Whether he married the other woman, we're not sure. One thing-he did not marry May Ann. She had to struggle all by herself, bringing us up. Mama Lucy + I were bastards from the Start.

Armstrong was born in his parents' home, a wooden shack at 723 Jane Alley, located on the edge of "black Storyville," the separate red-light district three blocks uptown from Storyville where blacks were allowed to purchase sex. When Willie left her, Mayann gave Louis to Josephine Armstrong, Willie's mother, and moved into black Storyville proper. "Whether my mother did any hustling, I cannot say," he wrote in Satchmo. "If she did, she certainly kept it out of sight." In fact she was almost certainly working as a prostitute on Perdido Street, a part of town that was rough even by New Orleans standards, and when her son finally rejoined her, that was where he would live as well. For the moment he stayed with his grandmother in Jane Alley, and his memories of life there were mostly happy, though it, too, was in a rough neighborhood known to locals as "the Battlefield." It was, he later wrote, a place full of "churchpeople, gamblers, hustlers, cheap pimps, thieves, prostitutes and lots of children." Josephine kept her grandson as far away from the hustlers and pimps as she could, sending him to Sunday school and kindergarten and whipping him with switches that she made him cut from a tree that grew in the front yard. He sang gospel songs in church, rejoicing in the variegated clouds of sound emitted by a "sanctified" congregation of working-class blacks who took literally the psalmist's command to "make a joyful noise unto the Lord," worshiping loudly, jubilantly, and without any of the self-conscious decorum of their better-off brethren: "That, I guess, is how I acquired my singing tactics.... [T]he whole Congregration would be Wailing-Singing like mad and sound so beautiful." On weekdays he played hide-and-seek with the poor white children of the neighborhood and helped deliver the washing his grandmother took in, earning a nickel each time he carried a load. At some point it must have been made known to Louis that his parents were living together again and that he now had a sister. Yet Willie and Mayann made no effort to reclaim their son, and it was not until 1905 or 1906 that he first saw Mama Lucy. One day Mayann sent a friend to Jane Alley to tell Josephine that Willie had deserted her once again and that she was sick and in need of help. Louis went with his mother's friend to black Storyville, riding on a segregated streetcar for the first time in his life. He found Mayann in bed with Mama Lucy in a one-room flat on Perdido Street. "I realize I have not done what I should by you," she told him. "But, son, mama will make it up." Then she sent him to Rampart Street to buy fifty cents' worth of meat, bread, red beans, and rice, the staples of her kitchen and the main ingredients of the southern-style home cooking that he would savor all his life. (As an adult he signed many of his letters "Red Beans and Ricely Yours, Louis Armstrong.") On the way he ran into a gang of bullies who called him a mama's boy and threw mud on his treasured white Lord Fauntleroy suit. He punched the ringleader in the mouth and went about his business.

It is close to impossible for anyone not born into poverty to picture such a scene, yet Louis appears to have taken it in stride, save for a moment of panic when he first saw his sick mother. After that he adjusted to his new situation with the resiliency of youth. He looked on as one "stepfather" followed another into Mayann's bed (and remained tactfully silent as he and his sister overheard the sounds of lovemaking in their one-room home). "I couldn't keep track of the stepdaddies, there must have been a dozen or so, 'cause all I had to do was turn my back and a new pappy would appear," he recalled, adding that some of them "liked to beat on little Louis." Whenever his mother "got the urge to go out on the town" and disappeared "for days and days," he went without complaint to stay with an uncle. Though he had only just begun to attend grade school, he took it for granted that he would also work at odd jobs to bring in extra money and was proud to help pay the bills. But he was not a passive onlooker, recording without thinking: the more he saw, the more he questioned, and his father was not the only man on whom he would someday render judgment.

Louis knew that Mayann, unlike Willie, was doing the best she could to take care of him and his sister, and he loved and admired her for it. All that remains of her is a formally posed family portrait taken around 1919 (in which the teenaged Louis can be seen to take after his broad-beamed, plump-cheeked mother) and the recollections set down by her son in Satchmo and his other writings. Yet it is more than enough to come away with a sense of what she was like, and why he revered her memory. A plainspoken woman who liked a drink and knew how to fight, she taught him the simple code to which he hewed ever after: "I had to work and help May Ann,-put bread on the table, since it was just the three of us living in this one big room, which was all that we could afford. But we were happy. My mother had one thing that no matter how much schooling anyone has-and that was Good Common Sense (and respect for human beings). Yea. That's My Diploma-All through my life I remembered it."

(Continues...)

Excerpted from Pops: A Life of Louis Armstrongby Terry Teachout Copyright © 2009 by Terry Teachout. Excerpted by permission.
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Edition details

• Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
• Publication date: 2009
• Language: English
• ISBN 10: 0151010897
• ISBN 13: 9780151010899
• Binding: Hardcover
• Edition number: 1
• Number of pages: 475