Color Appearance Models (The Wiley-IS&T Series in Imaging Science and Technology) - Hardcover

Fairchild, Mark D.

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 0470012161 ISBN 13: 9780470012161

Publisher: Wiley, 2005

Synopsis

There is an ever-increasing demand for a standard way to transport colours among devices on the Internet, and for achieving colour fidelity across digital media. The rapid growth in colour imaging technology has led to the emergence of colour management systems. These systems require colour appearance models so that images produced in one medium and viewed in a particular environment, may be reproduced in a second medium and viewed under different conditions. 

The eagerly anticipated second edition of Colour Appearance Models brings the fundamental issues and current solutions in the area of colour appearance modelling together in a single place for those needing to solve practical problems or looking for background for ongoing research projects. This book provides the relevant information for an updated review of colour appearance and provide details of many of the most widely used models to date, for example, Nayatani et al., Hunt, and RLAB and the ATD and LLAB appearance models that are of increasing interest for some applications. It also includes the recently formulated CIECAM02 model that represents a significant improvement of CIECAM97S and is the best possible model based on current knowledge. Fairchild presents an updated overview of device-independent colour imaging and finally introduces the concept of image appearance modelling as a potential future direction for colour appearance modelling research.

A website accompanies this text that lists developments, publications and calculations related to the material in this book.

About this title

From the Inside Flap:

The law of proportion according to which the several colors are formed, even if a man knew, he would be foolish in telling, for he could not give any necessary reason, nor indeed any tolerable or probable explanation of them. -Plato

Despite Plato's warning, this book is about one of the major unresolved issues in the field of color science, the efforts that have been made toward its resolution, and the techniques that can be used to address current technological problems. That issue is the prediction of the color appearance experienced by an observer when viewing stimuli in natural, complex settings. Useful solutions to this problem have impacts in a number of industries, such as lighting, materials, and imaging.

In lighting, color appearance models can be used to predict the color-rendering properties of various light sources, thereby allowing specification of quality rather than just efficiency. In materials fields (coatings, plastics, textiles, and so on), color appearance models can be used to specify tolerances across a wider variety of viewing conditions than is currently possible. The imaging industries have produced the biggest demand for accurate and practical color appearance models. The rapid growth in color-imaging technology, particularly the desktop publishing market, has led to the emergence of color-management systems. It is widely acknowledged that such systems require color appearance models to allow images originating in one medium and viewed in a particular environment to be acceptably reproduced in a second medium and viewed under different conditions.

While the need for color appearance models is recognized, their development has been at the forefront of color science and confined to the discourse of academic journals and conferences. This book brings the fundamental issues and current solutions in the area of color appearance modeling together in a single place for those needing to solve practical problems.

Everyone knows what color is, but the accurate description and specification of colors is quite another story. In 1931, the Commission Internationale de l'...clairage (CIE) recommended a system for color measurement that established the basis for modern colorimetry. That system allowed the specification of color matches through CIE XYZ tristimulus values. However, it was immediately recognized that more advanced techniques were required. The CIE recommended the CIELAB and CIELUV color spaces in 1976 to enable uniform international practice for the measurement of color differences and the establishment of color tolerances.

While the CIE system of colorimetry has been applied successfully for nearly 70 years, it is limited to the comparison of stimuli that are identical in every spatial and temporal respect and viewed under matched viewing conditions. CIE XYZ values describe whether two stimuli match. CIELAB values can be used to describe the perceived differences between stimuli in a single set of viewing conditions. Color appearance models extend the current CIE systems to allow the description of what color stimuli look like under a variety of viewing conditions. The application of such models opens up a world of possibilities for the accurate specification, control, and reproduction of color.

Understanding color-appearance phenomena and developing models to predict them have been the topics of a great deal of research-particularly in the last 10 to 15 years. Color appearance remains a topic of much active research that is often being driven by technological requirements. Despite the fact that the CIE is not yet able to recommend a single color appearance model as the best that is available for all applications, many specialists need to implement some form of a model to solve their research, development, and engineering needs.

One application area is the development of color-management systems based on the ICC profile format that is being developed by the International Color Consortium and incorporated into essentially all modern computer operating systems. However, implementation of color management using ICC profiles requires the application of color appearance models with no specific instructions on how to do so. And unfortunately, the fundamental concepts, phenomena, and models of color appearance are not recorded in a single source. Currently, anyone interested in the field must search out the primary references across a century of scientific journals and conference proceedings. This is due to the large amount of active research in the area.

While searching for and keeping track of primary references is fine for those doing research on color appearance models, it should not be necessary for every scientist, engineer, and software developer interested in the field. So the goal of this book is to provide, in a single source, an overview of color appearance and details of many of the most widely used models. The general approach has been to provide an overview of the fundamentals of color measurement and the phenomena that necessitate the development of color appearance models. This eases the transition into the formulation of the various models and their applications that appear later in the book. This approach has proven quite useful in various university courses, short courses, and seminars in which the full range of material must be presented in a limited time.

Following is a preview of each chapter: Chapters 1 through 3 review the fundamental concepts of human color vision, psychophysics, and the CIE system of colorimetry that are prerequisites to an understanding of the development and implementation of color appearance models. Chapters 4 through 7 present the fundamental definitions, descriptions, and phenomena of color appearance. They review the historical literature that has led to modern research and development of color appearance models. Chapters 8 and 9 concentrate on one of the most important component mechanisms of color appearance: chromatic adaptation. The models of chromatic adaptation described in Chapter 9 are the foundation of the color appearance models described in later chapters. Chapter 10 presents the definition of color appearance models and outlines their construction using the CIELAB color space as an example. Chapters 11 through 13 provide detailed descriptions of the Nayatani et al., Hunt, and RLAB color appearance models, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each. Chapter 14 reviews the ATD and LLAB appearance models that are of increasing interest for some applications. Chapters 15 and 16 describe tests of the various models through a variety of visual experiments and colorimetric applications of the models. Chapter 17 presents an overview of device-independent color imaging, the application that has provided the greatest technological push for the development of color appearance models. Chapter 18 includes thoughts on the future directions for color appearance modeling research and application. The appendix provides a snapshot of the status of the CIE color appearance models being developed for further testing by CIE TC1-34 as this book goes to press.

The field of color appearance modeling is still in its infancy and likely to continue developing in the near future. However, Chapters 1 through 10 of this book provide overviews of fundamental concepts, phenomena, and techniques that will change little, if at all, in the coming years. Thus these chapters should serve as a steady reference. The later chapters describe models, tests, and applications that will be subject to evolutionary changes as research progresses. However, they do provide a useful snapshot of the current state of affairs and provide a basis from which it should be much easier to keep track of future developments.A spreadsheet with example calculations can also be found there. 'Yes,' I answered her last night;
'No,' this morning sir, I say,
Colours seen by candle-light
Will not look the same by day. -Elizabeth Barrett Browning Acknowledgments

A project like this book is never really completed by a single person. I particularly thank my family for the undying support that encouraged its completion. The research and learning that led to it are directly attributable to my students. Much of the research would not have been completed without their tireless work, and I would not have learned about color appearance models were it not for their keen desire to learn more about them from me. I am deeply indebted to all of my students and friends-those who did research with me, those who worked at various times in the Munsell Color Science Laboratory, and those who participated in my university and short courses at all levels. There is no way to list all of them without making an omission, so I will take the easy way out and thank them as a group.

I also am indebted to those who reviewed various chapters while this book was being prepared and who provided useful insights, suggestions, and criticisms. These reviewers include Paula J. Alessi, Edwin Breneman, Ken Davidson, Ron Gentile, Robert W. G. Hunt, Lindsay MacDonald, Mike Pointer, Michael Stokes, Jeffrey Wang, Eric Zeise, and Valerie Zelenty.

Thanks also to all of the industrial and government sponsors of our research and education in the Munsell Color Science Laboratory at R.I.T. In particular, thanks to Thor Olson of Management Graphics for the donation of the Opal image recorder and the loan of the 120-camera back used to output the color images included in this book. Last, but not least, I thank Colleen Desimone for her excellent work as the Munsell Color Science Laboratory secretary, which makes life at the office much easier. M.D.F.
Honeoye Falls, N.Y.

0201634643P04062001

From the Back Cover:

The rapid growth in color imaging technology has meant that there is now an ever-increasing demand for achieving color fidelity across digital media, and for a standard way to transport colors among devices on the Internet.

Fairchild's popular text, Color Appearance Models, has been fully revised and updated for a second edition, providing a comprehensive coverage of the fast-growing field of color management and appearance. An easy-to-follow resource for both students and practising engineers using color images, the book now includes the most recent developments in the CIE model (now CIECAM02) and in chromatic adaptation transforms. There is also a new introduction to image appearance modeling, a developing area of research for color appearance application.

Features:

• A combination of the fundamental issues and current solutions in the field of color appearance modeling.

• Detailed discussions of the most widely used models to date, for example Nayatani, Hunt, RLAB, and the ATD and LLAB models that are of increasing interest for some applications.

• A website accompanying the text listing related developments, publications and calculations.

Color Appearance Models is a valuable reference for a range of advanced students in technology programs and color engineers, color scientists and imaging professionals working on engineering color systems.

Reviews of the first edition:

"A clear and authoritative review of an important field in color science." Dr R.W.G. Hunt

"Nowhere else is catalogued so completely or lucidly the color-appearance models of the past 40 years...I recommend that anyone interested in color appearance buy and read Fairchild's book." Color Research and Application

About this edition

• Publisher: Wiley
• Publication date: 2005
• ISBN 10: 0470012161
• ISBN 13: 9780470012161
• Binding: Hardcover
• Edition number: 2
• Number of pages: 408