Florida's Hurricane History - Softcover

Barnes, Jay

Softcover

ISBN 10: 0807858099 ISBN 13: 9780807858097

Publisher: The University of North Carolina Press, 2007

Synopsis

The Sunshine State has an exceptionally stormy past. Vulnerable to storms that arise in the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico, Florida has been hit by far more hurricanes than any other state. In many ways, hurricanes have helped shape Florida’s history. Early efforts by the French, Spanish, and English to claim the territory as their own were often thwarted by hurricanes. More recently, storms have affected such massive projects as Henry Flagler’s Overseas Railroad and efforts to manage water in South Florida.

In this book, Jay Barnes offers a fascinating and informative look at Florida’s hurricane history. Drawing on meteorological research, news reports, first-person accounts, maps, and historical photographs, he traces all of the notable hurricanes that have affected the state over the last four-and-a-half centuries, from the great storms of the early colonial period to the devastating hurricanes of 2004 and 2005 — Charley, Frances, Ivan, Jeanne, Dennis, Katrina, and Wilma.

In addition to providing a comprehensive chronology of more than one hundred individual storms, Florida’s Hurricane History includes information on the basics of hurricane dynamics, formation, naming, and forecasting. It explores the origins of the U.S. Weather Bureau and government efforts to study and track hurricanes in Florida, home of the National Hurricane Center. But the book does more than examine how hurricanes have shaped Florida’s past; it also looks toward the future, discussing the serious threat that hurricanes continue to pose to both lives and property in the state.

Filled with more than 200 photographs and maps, the book also features a foreword by Steve Lyons, tropical weather expert for the Weather Channel. It will serve as both an essential reference on hurricanes in Florida and a remarkable source of the stories — of tragedy and destruction, rescue and survival — that foster our fascination with these powerful storms.

About this title

About the Author

Jay Barnes is director of development for the North Carolina Aquarium Society. He has worked with the Aquariums since 1980, and he was director of the Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores for more than twenty years. He is a graduate of N.C. State University’s College of Design, and holds a master’s degree in advertising from Syracuse University. He is author of several books and articles on hurricanes, including North Carolina’s Hurricane History (UNC Press), now in its third edition, Florida’s Hurricane History (UNC Press), now in its second edition, and Faces From the Flood: Hurricane Floyd Remembered (UNC Press), co-authored by State Treasurer Richard Moore. Barnes lives in Pine Knoll Shores, N.C.

From the Back Cover

Florida has been hit by far more hurricanes than any other state. In this updated edition of Florida's Hurricane History, Barnes draws on meteorological research, news reports, first-person accounts, maps, and historical photographs to trace all of the notable hurricanes that have affected the state over the last four-and-a-half centuries, from the early colonial period to the devastating hurricanes of 2004 and 2005?Charley, Frances, Ivan, Jeanne, Dennis, Katrina, and Wilma. Illustrated with more than 200 photographs and maps, the book is filled with fascinating stories of tragedy and survival.

Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.

FLORIDA'S HURRICANE HISTORY

By JAY BARNES

The University of North Carolina Press

Copyright © 2007 The University of North Carolina Press
All right reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-8078-5809-7

Contents

Foreword by Steve Lyons...........................................ixIntroduction......................................................11 BIRTH OF A HURRICANE............................................52 HURRICANE EFFECTS...............................................11Storm Intensity...................................................13Winds.............................................................16Storm Surge.......................................................22Rainfall..........................................................25Tornadoes.........................................................27Other Factors.....................................................283 TRACKING THE STORMS.............................................31The Naming of Hurricanes..........................................354 EARLY FLORIDA HURRICANES, 1546-1799.............................395 NINETEENTH-CENTURY STORMS, 1800-1899............................53October 6, 1873...................................................68September 27-28, 1874.............................................681876..............................................................69October 3, 1877...................................................691878..............................................................70August 29-31, 1880................................................71September 9-10, 1882..............................................72August 23-24, 1885................................................721886..............................................................721888..............................................................731893..............................................................741894..............................................................751896..............................................................761898..............................................................791899..............................................................816 HURRICANES IN THE SUNSHINE STATE, 1900-1949.....................83September 11-14, 1903.............................................84September 27, 1906................................................85October 17-18, 1906...............................................89October 11, 1909..................................................91October 17-18, 1910...............................................92September 4, 1915.................................................95July 5, 1916......................................................96October 18, 1916..................................................97September 28-29, 1917.............................................98September 9-10, 1919..............................................99October 25, 1921..................................................103September 15, 1924................................................108October 20-21, 1924...............................................108November 30-December 1, 1925......................................108July 27-28, 1926..................................................110September 18-21, 1926.............................................111August 7-8, 1928..................................................126September 16-17, 1928.............................................127September 28-30, 1929.............................................140September 3-4, 1933...............................................142September 2-4, 1935...............................................144November 4, 1935..................................................159July 31, 1936.....................................................160October 5-7, 1941.................................................161October 18-19, 1944...............................................163September 15-16, 1945.............................................166October 7, 1946...................................................169September 17, 1947................................................170October 11-12, 1947...............................................174September 21-22, 1948.............................................180October 5, 1948...................................................181August 26-27, 1949................................................1827 THE MODERN ERA, 1950-1999.......................................185Baker (August 30-31, 1950)........................................186Easy (September 3-7, 1950)........................................187King (October 17-18, 1950)........................................190Florence (September 26, 1953).....................................193Flossy (September 24, 1956).......................................194Donna (September 9-11, 1960)......................................195Cleo (August 27-29, 1964).........................................210Dora (September 9-11, 1964).......................................214Isbell (October 14, 1964).........................................220Betsy (September 7-8, 1965).......................................221Alma (June 8-9, 1966).............................................228Inez (October 3-5, 1966)..........................................231Gladys (October 16-19, 1968)......................................234Agnes (June 19, 1972).............................................235Eloise (September 23, 1975).......................................239David (September 3-4, 1979).......................................243Frederic (September 12, 1979).....................................246Elena (August 31-September 2, 1985)...............................251Kate (November 21, 1985)..........................................255Floyd (October 12, 1987)..........................................259Andrew (August 23-26, 1992).......................................260Erin (August 1-3, 1995)...........................................283Opal (October 4, 1995)............................................287Earl (September 3, 1998)..........................................296Georges (September 25, 1998)......................................298Irene (October 15-16, 1999).......................................3048 THE NEW MILLENNIUM, 2000-2006...................................307Charley (August 13, 2004).........................................308Frances (September 5-6, 2004).....................................318Ivan (September 16, 2004).........................................324Jeanne (September 25-27, 2004)....................................335Dennis (July 10, 2005)............................................345Katrina (August 25-29, 2005)......................................349Wilma (October 24, 2005)..........................................3579 THE NEXT GREAT STORM............................................369Appendix..........................................................383Acknowledgments...................................................387Index.............................................................393

Chapter One

BIRTH OF A HURRICANE

As old as the oceans themselves, hurricanes are born each year from the heat of the Tropics. They begin as innocent thunderclouds and evolve into massive storms with violent winds and torrential rains. They may live for days or for weeks, and most die off harmlessly over cooler waters. Some track dangerously close to land before veering away just beyond the shoreline. Occasionally these storms make landfall with a violent blast of wind, rain, and tide. Other storm systems may be larger and tornadoes sometimes pack more violent winds, but nothing in our atmosphere can match the broad-scale destructive force of hurricanes. These seasonal cyclones and their counterparts around the globe are the greatest storms on earth, killing more people worldwide than all other storms combined.

They are called hurricanes in the Western Hemisphere, a term probably derived from "Hurukan," the name of the Mayan storm god, and other similar native Caribbean words translated as "evil spirit" or "big wind." In the western Pacific, they are known as typhoons, and in the Indian Ocean, they are called cyclones. These terms all describe the same phenomena-cyclonic storms that form in all tropical oceans except the South Atlantic and Southeast Pacific.

As the intense rays of the summer sun warm the ocean's surface, evaporation and conduction transfer enormous amounts of heat and moisture into the atmosphere, fueling the birth of tropical cyclones. Warm vapors rise, cool, and condense, forming billowing clouds, scattered showers, and thunderstorms. Newborn thunderstorms grow and multiply, many produced in passing tropical waves-low-pressure troughs that drift westward through equatorial waters. Some waves become tropical depressions as thunderheads build, pressures drop, and low-level circulation develops. If conditions are favorable, a depression can intensify until sustained winds reach 39 mph, at which time it becomes a tropical storm. Once the tropical storm's rotation becomes well organized, its central pressure falls, and sustained winds reach 74 mph, a hurricane is born.

Satellite images of fledgling tropical systems give meteorologists the opportunity to watch these storms develop over a period of hours and days. Forecasters look for signs of rotation and organized convection in emerging storms, which indicate the potential for strengthening. The earth's spin produces the Coriolis effect, which causes winds within a tropical depression to spiral around the central low pressure. These winds encounter surface friction that causes them to spiral inward, helping to intensify the storm by bringing warm, moist air to recharge the growing thunderstorms. Once the circulation completely surrounds the center, a relatively calm eye sometimes develops, from which massive rainbands spiral outward for many miles. The storm's most intense winds are found at the edge of the eye in the eyewall. It is usually here that the hurricane delivers its greatest destruction.

In order for a tropical storm to develop and intensify, it must encounter minimal vertical shear. Shearing winds, like those produced by upper-level lows, sometimes blow the tops off developing storms, never allowing a convective "chimney" to form. In the absence of strong shear, storms can more readily strengthen. Once a storm becomes a well-developed hurricane, it may cover thousands of square miles as it tracks across the ocean's surface. Whether it maintains its strength and direction or stalls and dissipates depends on the effects of the atmosphere that surrounds it. Rivers of air push and steer the hurricane, while nearby low-pressure troughs and high-pressure domes can either draw or block the storm. High-altitude steering currents and low-level trade winds influence the hurricane's course, and the combination of these forces can produce erratic storm tracks. Some hurricanes have been known to track in a loop (like Hurricane Easy in September 1950). Others appear to wobble, much like a child's top spinning precariously across a table.

As long as they remain over warm water, tropical cyclones can strengthen. To intensify, they need a good supply of fuel-the heat and moisture available in the atmosphere at sea. As they move over relatively cooler waters or over land, they lose their source of energy and begin to weaken. Nevertheless, hurricanes and tropical storms can sometimes track deep inland before fully dissipating. Some, like Opal in 1995 and Ivan in 2004, can cause extensive damage to areas many miles from the coast. In Florida many hurricanes that make landfall on one coast cross the peninsula only to reenter the warm waters on the other side, where they sometimes regain their strength. Like Donna in 1960 and Andrew in 1992, many of Florida's most infamous storms have swept the state from coast to coast before eventually making landfall a second time in another state.

During the long, hot days of late summer, ocean temperatures reach their peak, and tropical storm activity increases. August, September, and October are the prime months for hurricanes in the Atlantic, but the official hurricane season runs from June 1 through November 30. Hurricanes have been documented in the Atlantic in the months before and after the official season, but the majority of tropical cyclones occur from June through November. The earliest hurricane ever to strike the U.S. coast was Alma, which hit the Florida Panhandle as a minimal hurricane on June 9, 1966. The latest hurricane known to make landfall in the United States, an unnamed storm on November 30, 1925, also struck Florida, near Tampa.

Although Andrew came in August, September is clearly the most dangerous month for tropical cyclones in Florida. Over 60 percent of the major hurricanes to strike the state in the twentieth century occurred during this month, many within the first two weeks. Most of Florida's worst hurricane disasters occurred in September, including the great hurricanes of 1926, 1928, 1935, 1945, and 1947, as well as Donna in 1960, Betsy in 1965, Eloise in 1975, and Ivan in 2004.

Early-season hurricanes that strike Florida most often make landfall on the Gulf coast. In August and September, Cape Verde-type storms (born from African waves near the Cape Verde Islands) form in the eastern Atlantic and track toward the west. These hurricanes are often very severe and have battered Florida's Atlantic coast many times through the years. Hurricanes affecting Florida early or late in the season often emerge from the western Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico and can strike either the Gulf or the southeastern coast. During the winter months, severe and damaging storms called nor'easters sometimes brew off Florida's coasts, but these storms are not true hurricanes. They are known to meteorologists as extratropical cyclones, and they lack the warm central air mass and well-defined eye of a hurricane.

Even so, nor'easters have been known to cause major destruction. The Ash Wednesday storm of March 1962 was perhaps the biggest Atlantic extratropical storm of the twentieth century. For three long days, this nor'easter stalled off the Atlantic coast, during a time of high spring tides and full moon, and battered the coastline from Florida to New England. Florida experienced considerable damage, but the storm's worst floods and most concentrated destruction occurred from North Carolina to New York. The Lincoln's Birthday storm of 1973 and the March superstorm of 1993 are two other notable nor'easters of recent years. Residents along Florida's east coast regularly experience nor'easters and other winter storms and sometimes endure coastal flooding and severe beach erosion from them.

Each year, about sixty tropical waves form in the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico. On average, only about ten reach tropical storm intensity, and only about six become hurricanes. The U.S. coastline will be struck by an average of more than three hurricanes every two years, anywhere from Texas to Maine. Almost 40 percent of all U.S. hurricanes hit Florida. According to the statistical averages, hurricanes battered Florida in about three out of every five years during the twentieth century. But statistics can be misleading in any attempt to determine what to expect in the future. And few hurricane seasons seem average in Florida.

(Continues...)

Excerpted from FLORIDA'S HURRICANE HISTORYby JAY BARNES Copyright © 2007 by The University of North Carolina Press. Excerpted by permission.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.

Edition details

• Publisher: The University of North Carolina Press
• Publication date: 2007
• Language: English
• ISBN 10: 0807858099
• ISBN 13: 9780807858097
• Binding: Paperback
• Edition number: 2
• Number of pages: 424