Extra-Galactic Nebulae.
Hubble, Edwin.
Published by (Chicago University of Chicago Press), 1926
Used
Hardcover
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Antiquariat Gerhard Gruber, Heilbronn, Germany
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(25,5 x 17 cm). 49 S. Mit 1 Tafeln und 3 Abbildungen. Original-Broschur. (Sonderdruck aus: Astrophysical Journal). Erste Ausgabe seines berühmten Klassifizierungssystems für Galaxien. - "Hubble was the first to introduce a significant classification system for galaxies. He presented this at the meeting of the International Astronomical Union at Cambridge, England, in 1925 and it was published the next year in the 'Astrophysical Journal'. This system is the basis of the classification still used. Hubble found that most galaxies showed evidence of rotational symmetry about a dominating central nucleus, although a minority, amounting to not more than 3 percent of those he studied, lacked both these features. He called the two types 'regular' and 'irregular,' respectively. He found that the regular galaxies fell into two main classes - 'spirals' and 'ellipticals' - and that each class contained a regular sequence of forms. One end of the elliptical sequence was found to be similar to one end of the spiral sequence. The spirals were subdivided into two parallel subsequences, normal and barred. The classification was essentially empirical and independent of any assumptions concerning the evolution of galaxies" (DSB). - Hubble (1889-1953) war der Begründer der modernen extragalaktischen Astronomie und der erste, der die Rotverschiebung der Sterne beobachtete und damit den Nachweis für die Expansion des Universums lieferte. - Stempel auf dem Titel. Vorderer Umschlag mit schwachem Knick, sonst gut erhalten. - DSB 6, 529. Seller Inventory # 112421-01
Bibliographic Details
Title: Extra-Galactic Nebulae.
Publisher: (Chicago University of Chicago Press)
Publication Date: 1926
Binding: Hardcover
Dust Jacket Condition: Dust Jacket Included
Edition: 1st Edition
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Extra-Galactic Nebulae in The Astrophysical Journal, LXIV, 64, 1926, pp. 321-369 [HUBBLE'S SEMINAL CLASSIFICATION OF GALAXIES & ESTIMATES OF THEIR DENSITIES, 3 Plates]
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Seller: Atticus Rare Books, West Branch, IA, U.S.A.
Seller rating 5 out of 5 stars
FIRST EDITION OF THE SEMINAL PAPER IN WHICH HUBBLE PRESENTS HIS CLASSIFICATION OF GALAXIES, ESTIMATES THEIR MEAN DENSITIES, & DERIVES FOR THE FIRST TIME THE MEAN MASS DENSITY IN GALAXIES IN THE UNIVERSE AS A WHOLE. THE PAPER IS "A MORE OR LESS COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF GALAXIES AS EXTRAGALACTIC SYSTEMS. & IS THE FIRST APPLICATION OF THE IDEAS OF RELATIVISTIC COSMOLOGY TO THE UNIVERSE OF GALAXIES" (Carnegie Astrophysics Series, 2, 2004). This forty-eight-page paper includes three plates & many tables. In this paper, Hubble "determined the mean density of nebulae in space and applied this result in the theory of general relativity to get the radius of curvature of the finite universe - â??600 times the distance at which normal nebulae can be detected with the 100-inch reflector.' This calculation represented the boldest probe of the universe yet made and [that] greatly stimulated theoretical work in cosmology" (Mayall, Hubble: A Biographical Memoir, National Academy of Sciences). The prophetic last sentence of this paper reads: "with reasonable increases in the speed of the plates and size of telescopes, it may become possible to observe an appreciable fraction of the Einstein universe" (Hubble, 369). And he was right. Just three years later, Hubble would use the observational evidence collected for this 1926 paper to help formulate Hubble's law which, in stating that galaxies move away from each other at a speed proportional to their distance, effectively validated solutions to the equations of general relativity in which the universe is in motion. While developing the morphological classification of galaxies he presents in this paper, "Hubble discovered an odd fact: Almost every galaxy he observed appeared to be moving away from the Earth. He knew this because the light coming from the galaxies exhibited redshift. Building on the work of Vesto Slipher, who measured the redshifts associated with galaxies more than a decade earlier, Hubble. discovered [in his own data] a rough proportionality between the distances and redshifts of the galaxies studied" (Google Classroom). In other words, in 1926, Hubble already had "a pretty good idea that [the] data showed a linear relationship between redshift and distance - that redshift is proportional to distance, so that if one galaxy has twice as big a redshift as another, it is twice as far away. Indeed, he must have had some idea of this already in 1926., but he was extremely cautious about putting this conclusion down in print" (Gribin, The Birth of Time). Three years later when he was ready, Hubble formulated Hubble's law, showing that "galaxies are receding away from us with a velocity that is proportional to their distance from us: more distant galaxies recede faster than nearby galaxies. It was proof that the Universe is expanding," an idea that has "made as great a change in man's conception of the universe as the Copernican revolution 400 years before" (PNAS 112, 11; DSB). CONDITION & DETAILS: Complete. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Complete. Ex-libris marking on the front flyleaf and pastedown. NO spine markings whatsoever. 4to (9.75 x 6.75 inches). [5], vi, [374], 4. Nineteen plates and in-text illustrations throughout. Tightly bound in red buckram. Gilt-lettered at the spine. Light spotting at foot of spine, otherwise bright & clean. Very good +. Seller Inventory # 1639
A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae. Offprint from: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 15, No. 3, March 1929
Published by
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, 1929
Used
First Edition
Seller: SOPHIA RARE BOOKS, Koebenhavn V, Denmark
Seller rating 5 out of 5 stars
First edition. Hubble's Law, Redshift and the Expansion of the Universe. Extremely rare offprint issue of Hubble's landmark paper which "made as great a change in man's conception of the universe as the Copernican revolution 400 years before" (DSB). This paper "is generally regarded as marking the discovery of the expansion of the universe" (Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers). It established what would later become known as Hubble's Law: that galaxies recede from us in all directions and more distant ones recede more rapidly in proportion to their distance. "the repercussions were immense. The galaxies were not randomly dashing through the cosmos, but instead their speeds were mathematically related to their distances, and when scientists see such a relationship they search for a deeper significance. In this case, the significance was nothing less than the realization that at some point in history all the galaxies in the universe had been compacted into the same small region. This was the first observational evidence to hint at what we now call the Big Bang" (Simon Singh, Big Bang). In the early 1920s, most astronomers believed that the universe was static and unchanging on the large scale. Einstein himself had introduced his 'cosmological constant' in 1917 to allow solutions of the equations of general relativity corresponding to a static universe. Two such solutions were found: Einstein's matter-filled universe and Willem de Sitter's empty universe. The latter model attracted much interest because it predicted redshifts for very distant objects, something which had been observed as early as 1912 by Vesto Slipher. However, De Sitter's model was conceived by astronomers to be no less static than Einstein's. In 1922 Alexander Friedmann developed a model of an evolutionary universe, which could be expanding, and this was re-discovered by Georges Lemaître in 1927. But Lemaître went further: he established theoretically the proportional relationship between the rate of expansion and distance. Important as these theoretical developments were, it was only observational data that could establish which of the models, if any, corresponded to the actual universe. By the late 1920s, Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953) had established himself as the leading expert on extragalactic nebulae (now called 'galaxies'). Trained at Yerkes Observatory, in 1919 Hubble had joined the staff of the Carnegie Institution's Mount Wilson Observatory, the leading astrophysical observatory in the world, where he had access to the largest telescope in the world, the 100-inch Hooker reflector. With its aid, he had established in 1924 and 1925 that the spiral nebulae are external galaxies lying far beyond our own Milky Way galaxy, and that the observed universe is therefore much larger than our own galaxy. "By 1929 Hubble had obtained distances for eighteen isolated galaxies and for four members of the Virgo cluster. In that year he used this somewhat restricted body of data to make the most remarkable of all his discoveries and the one that made his name famous far beyond the ranks of professional astronomers. This was what is now known as Hubble's law of proportionality of distance and radial velocity of galaxies. Since 1912, when V. M. Slipher at the Lowell Observatory had measured the radial velocity of a galaxy (M 31) for the time by observing the Doppler displacement of its spectral lines, velocities had been obtained of some forty-six galaxies, forty-one by Slipher himself. Attempts to correlate these velocities with other properties of the galaxies concerned, in particular their apparent diameters, had been made by Carl Wirtz, Lundmark, and others; but no definite, generally acceptable result had been obtained. In 1917 W. de Sitter had constructed, on the basis of Einstein's cosmological equations, an ideal world-model (of vanishingly small average density) which predicted red shifts, indicative of recessional motion, in distant light sources; but no such systematic effect seemed to emerge from the empirical data. Hubble's new approach to the problem, based on his determinations of distance, clarified an obscure situation. For distances out to about 6,000,000 light-years he obtained a good approximation to a straight line in the graphical plot of velocity against distance. Owing to the tendency of individual proper motions to mask the systematic effect in the case of the nearer galaxies, Hubble's straight-line graph depended essentially on the data obtained from galaxies in the Virgo cluster. These indicated that over the observed range of distance, velocities increased at the rate of roughly 100 miles a second for every million light-years of distance. "Einstein paid a special visit to Hubble at Mount Wilson in 1931 to thank him for his work, and said that introducing the cosmological constant in order to ensure a static universe had been 'the greatest blunder of my life.' "Hubble's discovery stimulated much theoretical work in relativistic cosmology and aroused great interest in fundamental papers on expanding world models by A. Friedmann and G. Lemaître that had been written several years before but had attracted little attention. The interpretation of the straight line in Hubble's graph of velocity against distance and of its slope were eagerly discussed. The constant ratio of velocity to distance is now usually denoted by the letter H and is called Hubble's constant. It has the dimensions of an inverse timeits reciprocal, according to Hubble's original determination, being approximately two (since revised to about ten) billion years. If the galaxies recede uniformly from each other, as was suggested by E. A. Milne in 1932, this could be interpreted as the age of the universe; but, whatever the true law of recessional motion may be, Hubble's constant is generally regarded as a fundamental parameter in theoretical cosmology. "Hubble's work was characterized not only by his acuity as an observer but also by boldness of i. Seller Inventory # 5177
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