Imperial Ecology: Environmental Order in the British Empire, 1895-1945 - Hardcover

Anker, Peder

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 0674005953 ISBN 13: 9780674005952

Publisher: Harvard University Press, 2002

Synopsis

From 1895 to the founding of the United Nations in 1945, the promising new science of ecology flourished in the British Empire. Peder Anker asks why ecology expanded so rapidly and how a handful of influential scientists and politicians established a tripartite ecology of nature, knowledge, and society.

Patrons in the northern and southern extremes of the Empire, he argues, urgently needed tools for understanding environmental history as well as human relations to nature and society in order to set policies for the management of natural resources and to effect social control of natives and white settlement. Holists such as Jan Christian Smuts and mechanists such as Arthur George Tansley vied for the right to control and carry out ecological research throughout the British Empire and to lay a foundation of economic and social policy that extended from Spitsbergen to Cape Town.

The enlargement of the field from botany to human ecology required a broader methodological base, and ecologists drew especially on psychology and economy. They incorporated those methodologies and created a new ecological order for environmental, economic, and social management of the Empire.

About this title

From the Back Cover:

Aelian's Historical Miscellany is a pleasurable example of light reading for Romans of the early third century. Offering engaging anecdotes about historical figures, retellings of legendary events, and descriptive pieces - in sum: amusement, information, and variety - Aelian's collection of nuggets and narratives could be enjoyed by a wide reading public. A rather similar book had been published in Latin in the previous century by Aulus Gellius; Aelian is a late, perhaps the last, representative of what had been a very popular genre. Here then are anecdotes about the famous Greek philosophers, poets, historians, and playwrights; myths instructively retold; moralizing tales about heroes and rulers, athletes and wise men; reports about styles in dress, foods and drink, lovers, gift-giving practices, entertainments, religious beliefs and death customs; and comments on Greek painting. Some of the information is not preserved in any other source. Underlying it all are Aelian's Stoic ideals as well as this Roman's great admiration for the culture of the Greeks (whose language he borrowed for his writings).

Review:

Anker has written a ruthlessly honest political and cultural history of ecology, setting it firmly in the world of nineteenth-century colonialism. Illusions vanish here: turn of the century ecology did not stand for a pure pacifism or an eden of natural harmony. Instead, we find that both the liberal mechanism of British ecologist Arthur George Tansley and the holistic ecology of South African statesman Jan Christian Smuts were both firmly built upon nationalism--and a nationalism that mattered a great deal, militarily, racially, and socially. This is important work and a riveting read. (Peter Galison, Harvard University)

Peder Anker's Imperial Ecology is the unexpected story of how late-imperial British ecologists took their arcane studies of marine life off Spitzbergen or the game of southern Africa and brought them to bear on very different areas of interest. These ecologists fashioned from their studies a view of human ecology broad enough, in this telling, to embrace cycles of sexual activity in Japanese brothels, famine in central Asia, the building blocks for national economic planning and the cultural underpinnings of Nazism. An eye-opener. (Fred Pearce New Scientist 2002-01-05)

Few books are truly original; however, Anker...puts an original perspective on the history of ecology, linking two major schools of thought...to the imperial aspirations of Great Britain. The UK provided patronage (grants) to support ecologists who in turn provided important concepts strengthening Britain's imperial grip by enhancing resource management and incorporating human ecology into colonial ecosystems...This thought-provoking book provides many new insights into the history of a discipline. It will be news to most ecologists, whose knowledge of their own history is often sketchy at best. (J. Burger Choice 2002-05-01)

Anker's book is particularly strong in bringing out the way in which the debate was fought outside science and in the popular media. However, his main story is one which is intended to show how developments within scientific ecology were shaped by the ideological and philosophical division within the intellectual world of early twentieth century Britain and South Africa. In the end Tansley and Elton succeeded in stamping their authority on the newly emerging science, but thanks to Anker we can now see how they were forced to shape their theories in opposition to an influential alternative that had considerable intellectual and social support within Britain and, especially, within the colonies whose resources the British sought to exploit. This book will provide a wealth of ideas and information for historians seeking to further the cause of understanding science as a product of social forces. (Peter J. Bowler Annals of Science)

This is a fascinating account of how ecology emerged from botany as a discipline in parallel (but competing) schools of thought in Britain and in South Africa during the first half of the 20th century. The extraordinarily detailed book contains at least two major themes: how, in each school, what had been natural science became not just transdisciplinary but a worldview including human beings; and how, despite sharp differences between the mechanistic British school and the holistic South African school, both schools supported imperialist policies and colonial administrations...Anker writes well... and has an eye for juicy tidbits. (David B. Brooks Alternatives)

Anker captures the essence not only of the political and academic climates of turn of century Empire but also the personalities of the focal players and the exhilaration of defining a new scientific discipline. Engaging and illuminating, this book highlights the interrelations of politics and ecology in the past, a reminder that not much has changed in a hundred years! (AM Mannion Biologist)

Imperial Ecology is a significant work in the history of ecology that deserves a place on the bookshelves of all those historians and philosophers of science who delighted in the attention to the ideological agendas that have framed ecology's development...Anker is concerned with the historical dynamics of the human relationship with nature and the naturalization of politics...Imperial Ecology is an outstanding piece of scholarship and an important contribution to the field. (Piers J. Hale British Journal of the History of Science)

This instructive and award-winning book examines the development of ecology as a flourishing discipline within the confines of the British Empire. The author...describes his goal as being to deploy new research materials to explain how elements of botany evolved into the discipline of human ecology...One of Anker's main goals in writing this book was to make writing on ecology interesting to readers. He achieves this goal resoundingly. The research conducted is impressive, both with regards to its depth and range. (Sanjoy Bhattacharya History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences)

In Imperial Ecology Peder Anker provides a very significant account of leading British and South African ecologists from the turn of the century to the Cold War, with a focus on environmental or "ecological" politics as part and parcel of policy pushed forward by scientists...Anker's broad approach provides many interesting insights into the normative policies of "environmental order." This well-written book should find a broad audience--and not only among historians of ecology, environmental historians, and environmental activists. (Thomas Potthast Isis)

Peder Anker's stimulating discussion of the entanglements between ecological science and imperial ambitions goes some way towards explaining how concepts and ideas from the life and human sciences served to create a new kind of environmental order in the British Empire...The book is beautifully written and well-researched, and makes important and useful contributions to our understanding of a network of scientists and statesmen kind of environmental order in the British Empire...His is an original and thought-provoking study that should do much to contextualize the imperial history of ecology. (Helen Tilley Journal of the History of Biology)

About this edition

• Publisher: Harvard University Press
• Publication date: 2002
• ISBN 10: 0674005953
• ISBN 13: 9780674005952
• Binding: Hardcover
• Number of pages: 352