nova science publishers inc new york (Over 15,000 results)

Paperback. Condition: new. Paperback. The concept of producing different products from chlorella for the benefits of health demands efficient utilization of all the components. The high-value antioxidants such as carotenoids, xanthophylls and unsaturated fatty acids from chlorella have beneficial effects for humans and animals. Even chlorella vulgaris can be used as a fish feed for balanced and increased amount of fish production. The availability of vitamin B12 also increases the importance of chlorella as a food supplement for vegans. The biologically active vitamin B12 present in chlorella products is suitable as a natural B12 source for humans. Chlorella contains pigments like chlorophyll, carotenoids, lutein, astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, violaxanthin and antheraxanthin which even play a vital role for producing medicines for cancer treatment. This is to note that this book gives an overview about the different health benefits of chlorella starting from its morphological studies. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condition: new. Hardcover. The U.S. market for pet medications is growing, and is in a state of transition. Although many pet owners continue to purchase their pet medications directly from veterinarians, this traditional distribution model has been challenged by the entry and expansion of retail businesses (both online and brick-and-mortar) that sell pet medications, as well as changes in the business practices of pet medication manufacturers, distributors, veterinarians, and retailers. This book provides an overview of the pet medications industry then examines prescription portability (prescriptions that can be filled by someone other than a veterinarian). The book also looks at distribution practices and the topic of generics. Recommendations on potential policy choices are made and areas that could benefit from additional study are identified. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condition: new. Hardcover. This book profiles the countries of Central America. Discussed are the political, economic and social conditions of these countries, as well as their relations with the United States. Highlighted are the countries of Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama Profiles the countries of Central America. Discussed are the political, economic and social conditions of these countries, as well as their relations with the United States. This book highlights countries such as Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condition: new. Hardcover. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain, lying in front of the motor and premotor areas and has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making and moderating social behaviour. In this book, the authors discuss the developmental differences, executive and cognitive functions and role in neurological disorders relating to the functioning of the prefrontal cortex. Topics include developmental long-chain omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and prefrontal cortex pathology in psychiatric disorders; addiction and the prefrontal cortex; cognitive functioning and prefrontal cortex damage in children and adolescents; prefrontal cortex dysfunction and neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia; and the developmental relationship between executive function and the prefrontal cortex in young children. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condition: new. Hardcover. Antifreeze proteins, also known as thermal hysteresis proteins, ice binding proteins and ice structuring proteins, prevent the growth of ice crystals in several cold blooded organisms. First discovered in fish, they have also been found in insects, plants, fungi and bacteria. Antifreeze proteins cause the non-colligative depression of the freezing point of water, a property which has been exploited in the practical applications of antifreeze proteins such as improving the texture of ice cream, and could be used to extend the crop growing season or allow fish to thrive in cold waters. This book provides clear information on what is known about antifreeze proteins today and how to study them. Antifreeze proteins, also known as thermal hysteresis proteins, ice binding proteins and ice structuring proteins, prevent the growth of ice crystals in several cold blooded organisms. This book provides information on what is known about antifreeze proteins and how to study them. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condition: new. Hardcover. Global climate change is one of the nation's most significant long-term policy challenges. Human activities are producing increasingly large quantities of greenhouse gases, particularly CO2. The accumulation of those gases in the atmosphere is expected to have potentially serious and costly effects on regional climates throughout the world. Market-based mechanisms that limit greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions can be divided into two types: quantity control (cap and trade) and price control (carbon tax or fee). If policymakers had perfect information regarding the market, either a carbon tax or cap-and-trade program instrument could be designed to achieve the same outcome. Because this market ideal does not exist, preference for a carbon tax or a cap-and-trade program ultimately depends on which variable one wants to control -- emissions or costs. Both are estimated to increase the price of fossil fuels, which would ultimately be borne by consumers, particularly households. This book explores the comprehensive comparison, viability and policy considerations of using either a carbon tax or a cap-and-trade program to offset greenhouse gas emissions.This book consists of public documents which have been located, gathered, combined, reformatted, and enhanced with a subject index, selectively edited and bound to provide easy access. Global climate change is one of the nation's most significant long-term policy challenges. This book explores the comprehensive comparison, viability and policy considerations of using either a carbon tax or a cap-and-trade program to offset greenhouse gas emissions. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condition: new. Hardcover. In this book, there are 25 chapters, each of which is an empirical analysis of either statewide data such as Texas or national data such as the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten. Each chapter contains an empirical analysis of contemporary issues in education today such as inequities in discipline consequences by student ethnicity/race, economic status, poverty, and gender; persistence rates of Black and Hispanic students in community colleges; academic achievement performance differences by ethnicity/race, economic status, and gender; and college-readiness rates of students. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condition: new. Hardcover. Muscular Dystrophies include a heterogeneous series of diseases that range from childhood to adult onset cases, of difficult diagnosis and treatment. This book presents the state of the art in muscular dystrophies, after the molecular revolution. In the field of patients' diagnosis, several advances have been done by recognising new entities. New techniques such as biochemical, molecular advancements, and the use of muscle MRI are collected that allow rapid diagnosis. Also, advances in therapy and therapeutical trials are presented in Duchenne and other muscular dystrophies and some novel treatments in glycogen storage disease by enzyme replacement are proposed. Both rehabilitation techniques and other treatments deserve particular attention for the improvements observed. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condition: new. Paperback. Handedness has long interested us. There are negative attitudes attributed to children who are left handed and therefore this has generated a great deal of research into handedness. This book looks at the causes of left handedness, its effects on those "afflicted" and at potential "cures". In order to do this the research has sought out the problems or conditions that are positively correlated to left handedness. Handedness has long interested us. There are negative attitudes attributed to children who are left handed and therefore this has generated a great deal of research into handedness. This book looks at the causes of left handedness, its effects on those "afflicted" and at potential "cures". Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condition: new. Paperback. In the first part, the authors introduce the progress of researches on nitrogen metabolism of soybean nodules and roots. They investigate the fate of nitrogen fixed in soybean nodules by tracer experiment with 15N2 gas. The results indicate that major part of fixed N in bacteroids (a symbiotic state of rhizobia) is excreted rapidly to cytosol of infected cells in the form of ammonia, then the ammonia is assimilated into amino acids via GS/GOGAT pathway. Then the fixed nitrogen is assimilated into ureides, allantoin and allantoic acid, and then transported to the shoots via xylem. A small portion of fixed N was assimilated in the bacteroids directly into glutamate and alanine. On the other hand, nitrate absorbed from the roots are mainly assimilated into asparagine. The characteristics of nitrate absorption and metabolism was studied. It is well known that nitrate is a potent inhibitor to nodulation and nitrogen fixation, although the inhibitory mechanism is not fully understood. The authors recently found that nitrate depresses individual nodule growth and nitrogen fixation activity rapidly and reversibly when nodules were in direct contact with nitrate.The indirect effects of nitrate on nodule growth and nitrogen fixation activity were different among treatment concentration and period of supply. The continuous supply of low levels of nitrate from the lower part of roots promoted the nodulation and nitrogen fixation of the upper part of the roots. Hypernodulation mutant lines of soybean were isolated which have profuse nodulation compared with parents. They also exhibit partial-nitrate tolerant to nodulation. The characteristics of hypernodulation mutant lines were studied in relation to nitrate inhibition. The results suggest that lower nitrate absorption and assimilation activity in hypernodulation mutants may be one reason to milder inhibition by nitrate on hypernodulation mutant lines. Introduces the progress of researches on nitrogen metabolism of soybean nodules and roots. This title investigates the fate of nitrogen fixed in soybean nodules by tracer experiment with 15N2 gas. It studies the characteristics of nitrate absorption and metabolism, as well as of hypernodulation mutant lines in relation to nitrate inhibition. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condition: new. Hardcover. At the request of the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance, the U.S. International Trade Commission undertook an investigation to better understand the role of digital trade--domestic commerce and international trade conducted via the Internet -- in the U.S. and global economies, as well as the effects of barriers and impediments to digital trade that impede U.S. access to global markets. This book shows that digital trade contributes to economic output by improving productivity and reducing trade costs. Digital trade also contributes to the economy as a whole as it facilitates communication, expedites business transactions, improves access to information, and improves market opportunities for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Cloth. Condition: Fine. No Jacket. First Edition. First printing.

Hardcover. Condition: Very good. Hardcover. 10 1/4" X 7 1/4". x, 161pp. Mild rubbing and shelf wear to covers, corners, and edges of paper over boards. Pages are clean and unmarked. Binding is sound. ABOUT THIS BOOK: The research projects presented in this book are the most recent studies of intelligence. They will improve our understanding of the human's ability to learn, understand or deal with new or trying situations and how people apply knowledge to manipulate one's environment or to think abstractly as measured by objective criteria (as tests). Understanding intelligence is important because it improves our understanding of how the brain works and could potentially be a gateway to improving education on all levels from individual teaching methods to widely used curriculums.(Publisher).

Hardcover. Condition: new. Hardcover. Though the developments in the field of electronics and digital industries are significant, the importance of the basic mechanical industry remains always on the top side. The purpose of this book is to present some advanced research studies on mechanical design, materials and manufacturing. The first chapter presents an analysis of a novel force transducer which has a special shape that allows strategic placement of the strain gauges and senses axial forces by ignoring the moments. The second chapter explains the basic principle of calculation and analysis of the defective structure of solids. The third most interesting chapter presents advanced methods used in molecular dynamics simulation of macromolecules. Chapter Four explores an extended method of mathematical modelling of Freudenstein-Chebyshev approximation theory for sigmoidal function applied to four and five precision points. Chapter Five presents an algorithm to find the transfer vertex of a given epicyclic gear train. In the sixth chapter, an analytical study (using ABAQUS/CAE) on the strengthening of the beam-column joint under seismic conditions using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets has been carried out. Chapter Seven discusses preparation, properties and applications of nanomterials, ceramics and bioceramics. Chapter Eight discusses the fluorescence of atomic hydrogen in aqueous media. Chapter Nine presents a methodology to design, develop and simulate a twin spindle turning special purpose machine based on the data collected from hydraulic, pneumatic, and electro pneumatic data which will serve as low cost automation. The last chapter is about the estimation of axial force in incremental sheet metal forming. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condition: new. Hardcover. Although blood transfusion saves lives and reduces the rate of morbidity in many clinical diseases and conditions, it is associated with certain risks. A transfusion-related adverse event, also called transfusion reaction, is any unfavourable event occurring in a patient during or after blood transfusion. About 0.5% to 3% of all transfusions result in some adverse events, but the majority of them are minor reactions with no significant consequences. In general, transfusion-related adverse events are categorised as infectious and non-infectious. However, there are other classifications in the literature based on time of occurrence (i.e. acute versus delayed) or physiological mechanism (i.e. immune mediated versus non-immune mediated). A significant proportion of adverse events may occur as a result of errors in preparation, ordering or administration of blood and blood products. The book contains the latest research in this essential field, which has been revolutionised in recent decades. Although blood transfusion saves lives and reduces the rate of morbidity in many clinical diseases and conditions, it is associated with certain risks. A significant proportion of adverse events may occur as a result of errors in preparation, ordering or administration of blood and blood products. The book contains the research in this field. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condition: new. Paperback. Even though our knowledge of wellness has increased, the health habits of many people have become worse over the last decade. This book can serve as a road map. It defines the ten leading causes of deaths, and tells how one can decrease the risk factors. It also gives invaluable information on where to obtain help in breaking bad health habits.and best of all, the book motivates the reader to look at body and mind in a new light. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condition: new. Paperback. Grace and self-control. Anyone who has been on the inside of my sporting effort know for the most part those words do not exist. They may accidentally present themselves on occasion, but for the most part, when humans and physical challenges come together in the same arena, everything but grace and self-control results. It seems the harder we strive for perfection the more our human side takes control, bringing with it blunders, mishaps and confusions. The martial arts is by no means an exception. This book is commemoration to this effort by way of a collection of light-hearted cartoons honouring the attempts by human beings living to imitate the ways of nature. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condition: new. Hardcover. Emotionality has long been recognised as a crucial ingredient in human beings. A good connection with emotionality is essential; it is highly complicated and dynamic in human life. It can never be fully explained or analysed by rational analysis and measurement of emotions. The writer has published a book "Emotionality " Mental Illness: A Multi-dimensional Model" in New York: Nova Science in 2012 in which various perspectives in emotionality are described. It is also related to one's meaning of life, self and ego strengths, mind, body, behaviours and deeds, interpersonal relationships, roles and social functioning. Then, a multi-dimensional model in terms of feeling, mood, affect and sense is constructed to interpret the emotionality of persons with mental problems is also described. This book is an extension and elaboration of the above mentioned book and a two volume set. Volume I is a further refined articulation of emotionality in severe mental illness.Based on the multi-dimensional model of emotionality in terms of affect, mood, feeling and sense, the writer tries to interpret and intervene with the emotionality of severe mental illnesses such as the blunt affect of schizophrenia, feelings of anger in major depressive disorder, a dissociative sense of fear in post-traumatic stress disorder and the lonely mood in borderline personality disorder. In this book, the writer begins each chapter with a focus on the various perspectives of a specific type of mental illness. Based on these perspectives, the writer attempts to integrate these perspectives with related concepts in emotionality hoping that it can provide a humanistic, yet pioneering, platform in interpreting and intervening in persons with severe mental illnesses. Volume II is a further refined articulation of emotionality in severe mental illness.Based on the multi-dimensional model of emotionality in terms of affect, mood, feeling and sense, the writer tries to interpret and intervene with the emotionality of severe mental illnesses such as the blunt affect of schizophrenia, feelings of anger in major depressive disorder, a dissociative sense of fear in post-traumatic stress disorder and the lonely mood in borderline personality disorder. In this book, the writer begins each chapter with a focus on the various perspectives of a specific type of mental illness. Based on these perspectives, the writer attempts to integrate these perspectives with related concepts in emotionality hoping that it can provide a humanistic, yet pioneering, platform in interpreting and intervening in persons with severe mental illnesses. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condition: new. Paperback. This is Dr Loase's fifth book on sigfluence. He created the new word sigfluene, which means significant, long-term, positive influence, seventeen years ago. Since then Dr Loase has delivered workshops and lectures on sigfluence at national and international conferences across North America, including seminars at Harvard, U of California-Berkeley, Mensa and Clark Univeristy. This book explores our long-term influence from many perspectives including psychology, education, language and work. The book focuses on sigfluence as the key to finding meaning of life. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condition: new. Hardcover. With the next millennium nearly upon us, believers are under attack on every front. Leading the attack is the media which slashes from every direction possible and some which are not even possible. This well-thought out book delineates faith as being the only answer to the woes which are upon the world. With the next millennium nearly upon us, believers are under attack on every front. Leading the attack is the media which slashes from every direction possible and some which are not even possible. This book delineates faith as being the only answer to the woes which are upon the world. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. 4to. Condition: Very Good. 601pp. Pages are clean and unmarked. Violet boards with printed imagery. Cover has light wear.

Paperback. Condition: new. Paperback. On 22 November 2003, the House of Representatives voted 220 to 215 to approve the conference report on H.R. 1, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernisation Act of 2003. The Senate, on November 24th, voted 54 to 44 to approve the conference report. The bill was signed by the President in a ceremony on December 8th. The legislation adds a prescription drug benefit to Medicare and replaces the existing Medicare+Choice program with a new Medicare Advantage program that establishes managed care payments based on a system of bids and benchmarks. The bill also contains numerous provisions that would generally increase fee-for-service payments within Medicare's Part A and Part B program (also known as traditional Medicare), especially for rural health care providers; numerous regulatory and administrative practices will also be modified. This book discusses the fee-for-service (FFS) provisions of the legislation, those affecting Medicaid as well as the Medicare cost containment provisions. It compares the provisions in the bill as enacted with those in the Medicare reform bills that were originally passed by the Senate and the House.The Medicare FFS provisions in the bill are found primarily in Titles GGIII through VIII; some FFS provisions are included in Titles VIII through X as noted. The cost containment provisions are in Title VIII and the Medicaid and other provisions are in Title X. On 22 November 2003, the House of Representatives voted 220 to 215 to approve the conference report on H.R. 1, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernisation Act of 2003. The Senate, on November 24th, voted 54 to 44 to approve the conference report. The bill was signed by the President in a ceremony on December 8th. The legislation adds a prescription drug benefit to Medicare and replaces the existing Medicare+Choice program with a new Medicare Advantage program that establishes managed care payments based on a system of bids and benchmarks. The bill also contains numerous provisions that would generally increase fee-for-service payments within Medicare's Part A and Part B program (also known as traditional Medicare), especially for rural health care providers; numerous regulatory and administrative practices will also be modified. This book discusses the fee-for-service (FFS) provisions of the legislation, those affecting Medicaid as well as the Medicare cost containment provisions. It compares the provisions in the bill as enacted with those in the Medicare reform bills that were originally passed by the Senate and the House. The Medicare FFS provisions in the bill are found primarily in Titles GGIII through VIII; some FFS provisions are included in Titles VIII through X as noted. The cost containment provisions are in Title VIII and the Medicaid and other provisions are in Title X. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Paperback. Condition: new. Paperback. It is widely held that foreign affairs, and more particularly issues of war and peace, lie beyond the scope of judicial scrutiny. In the recent case of Campbell v. Clinton, Judges Silberman and Tatel took diametrically opposite positions on the issue. A concurrence by Judge Silberman contended that war power disputes may not be decided by federal courts, while Judge Tatel insisted that the record demonstrates that federal courts have always felt comfortable and competent to adjudicate a number of war/ power issues. Resorting to one or more of the various threshold tests at their disposal, including the political question doctrine, federal courts may decline adjudication on sensitive and discretionary matters. To avoid placing their oar in murky waters, the courts, it is commonly believed, decline to pass on the validity of war/power issues, thus failing by the same token to perform their role as an independent check on the political branches. Moreover, when they do adjudicate such issues, they are said to usually uphold the actions of the executive branch. A closer scrutiny of case law, however, reveals the record to be more complex.It is by no means a foregone conclusion that courts lie back or shy away from war/power disputes. A number of private citizens and private corporations have taken war/power issues into the courts and had their disputes adjudicated, often decided against the President. Lawsuits brought by Members of Congress, are less likely to succeed. They reveal a fairly constant and consistent trend on the part of the judiciary: the courts will perform their traditional constitutional role as a n independent check if the political branches defend their own prerogatives. Lawsuits brought by individual members of Congress are likely to be adjudicated by the courts unless Congress, as an institution, ahs confronted the President. The focus of this book is on cases involving presidential and congressional use of military force in armed conflicts. Several cases dealing with private parties and insurance companies are included because life insurance policies may require courts to decide when the nation is 'at war', or when there is an 'act of war', and when the country is 'engaged' in war.The courts have addressed the issue of war in various contexts and a variety of issues, some more significant than others, for two centuries. This book summarises this ongoing judicial record. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condition: Very Good. Hardcover in very good condition. No jacket. HCW. Used.

Hardcover. Condition: new. Hardcover. Ten percent of the Texas population is 65 and older. The state has a large, rapidly growing elderly population, estimated to reach 4.4 million, or 16.1% of the state's total population in 2025. Medicaid spending for long-term care in FY2001 was $3.3 billion -- 28.5% of all Medicaid spending. Medicaid spending for institutions was more than 70% of Medicaid long-term care spending and more than 20% of all Medicaid spending in F Y2001. Spending for home and community-based services has increased rapidly in recent years and represented 29.2% of Texas long-term care spending in FY2001, primarily due to increased use of the Medicaid Section 1915(c) home and community based waiver program. From FY1990 to FY2001 spending for this program increased from less than 1% to over 21% of all Medicaid long-term care spending in Texas. Texas provides a wide range of services in the home and community to about 100,000 adults with disabilities. Despite this, the state has significant overcapacity in its nursing home industry. As a result, the nursing home occupancy rate is quite low -- 68.5% in 2000.The state continues to serve many persons with developmental disabilities in large state institutions and has no plans to close any facilities in the foreseeable future. Interviews with state officials and a review of state reports highlighted a number of issues including: an imbalance in Medicaid financing favoring institutional care, rather than home and community-based care; a shortage of frontline long-term care workers; and waiting lists for home and community-based services. Ten percent of the Texas population is 65 and older. The state has a large, rapidly growing elderly population, estimated to reach 4.4 million, or 16.1% of the state's total population in 2025. Medicaid spending for long-term care in FY2001 was $3.3 billion -- 28.5% of all Medicaid spending. Medicaid spending for institutions was more than 70% of Medicaid long-term care spending and more than 20% of all Medicaid spending in F Y2001. Spending for home and community-based services has increased rapidly in recent years and represented 29.2% of Texas long-term care spending in FY2001, primarily due to increased use of the Medicaid Section 1915(c) home and community based waiver program. From FY1990 to FY2001 spending for this program increased from less than 1% to over 21% of all Medicaid long-term care spending in Texas. Texas provides a wide range of services in the home and community to about 100,000 adults with disabilities. Despite this, the state has significant overcapacity in its nursing home industry. As a result, the nursing home occupancy rate is quite low -- 68.5% in 2000. The state continues to serve many persons with developmental disabilities in large state institutions and has no plans to close any facilities in the foreseeable future. Interviews with state officials and a review of state reports highlighted a number of issues including: an imbalance in Medicaid financing favoring institutional care, rather than home and community-based care; a shortage of frontline long-term care workers; and waiting lists for home and community-based services. Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Softcover. Octavo, viii, 107 pages. In Very Good condition. Paperback binding. Spine black with white lettering. Covers show light wear including minor soiling. Small ex-library sticker to the rear. Text block has extremely minimal edge wear. Few ex-library markings interiorly. Illustrated. NOTE: Shelved in Netdesk office, Case #2. 1380831. FP New Rockville Stock.

Hardcover. Octavo, viii, 190 pages. In Very Good condition. Bound in the publisher's dark blue and yellow pictorial cloth with white lettering to the spine. Boards have very mild wear with minor bumping to the spine edges. Text block has minimal wear and ex-library name stamped to the head edge. Ex-library marking to the title page and sticker to the rear pastedown. Illustrated. NOTE: Shelved in Netdesk Column H, ND-H. 1379763. FP New Rockville Stock.

Paperback. Condition: new. Paperback. One of the rate-limiting steps in the folding pathways of many secretory proteins is the formation of correct disulfide bonds between cysteine residues. In eukaryotes, both disulfide bond formation and isomerisation which shuffles incorrectly formed disulfides are catalysed by protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), whereas in bacteria these two reactions are catalysed by separate enzymes. Both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells the oxidation and isomerisation steps proceed exclusively in extracytoplasmic environments (the lumen of the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum and the Gram-negative bacterial periplasmic space). The family of foldases under discussion is characterised by a conserved "thioredoxin fold" and a common active site motif: Cys-X-X-Cys. The process of disulfide bond formation relies on thiol-disulfide exchange between oxidised and reduced cysteine pairs in the catalyst and substrate protein. Two separate pathways involved in disulfide bond formation and isomerisation have been characterised both in eukaryotes and in bacteria.In the oxidative pathway, oxidizing equivalents flow from oxygen to a membrane protein (Ero1p in eukaryotes or DsbB in bacteria), and then to a folding protein containing reduced cysteines via PDI (in eukaryotes) or via DsbA (in bacteria). In the isomerisation pathway, DsbC (bacterial protein disulfide isomerase) or PDI (in eukaryotes) interacts with substrate proteins that contain non-native disulfide bonds, allowing these bonds to rearrange to their native pairings. Reducing equivalents which are necessary to maintain DsbC in a reduced form, able to attack misfolded disulfides, are transferred from the cytoplasm with the aid of the cytoplasmic membrane protein DsbD. In eukaryotes, reduced glutathione is the main source of reducing equivalents for PDI. A dual role of PDI as an oxidase and an isomerase is facilitated by its complex domain architecture. One of the rate-limiting steps in the folding pathways of many secretory proteins is the formation of correct disulfide bonds between cysteine residues. In eukaryotes, both disulfide bond formation and isomerisation which shuffles incorrectly formed disulfides are catalysed by protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Shipping may be from multiple locations in the US or from the UK, depending on stock availability.

Hardcover. Condition: Near Fine. 23.5 x 15.5 cm. Octavo. 137pp. Teal boards, no jacket if issued. Foreword by Bernard Einstein. Signed and inscribed by the author, Mih, on the front free endpaper. Some light rubbing to edges of the boards.

hardcover. Condition: Very Good. Dust Jacket Condition: No Dust Jacket. First Edition. Very Good condition. Large format, bump to head of spine on front cover edge. No Jacket. Used.