Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0230229190 ISBN 13: 9780230229198
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Over the next few years political and financial power will move in the direction of individuals, companies and nations that are able to use energy in a more efficient way. This book describes this challenge and presents a way forward by which we may achieve the goal of increased energy efficiency in the different areas that need to change. 306 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0230576583 ISBN 13: 9780230576582
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Why is it that more and more people like their work, but can no longer support the conditions under which they must practice it What is impeding the improvement of occupational health and organizational effectiveness The authors share their knowledge of the missing pieces thatare preventing these improvements to the workplace. 183 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0230210422 ISBN 13: 9780230210424
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This book contributes to the theoretical and policy debate on the existence of a European public sphere. It presents a critical discussion of the links between media, history and politics in Europe today, examining the re-organization of ideological and political dimensions and debates the existence of a European editorial culture. 286 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 1403984336 ISBN 13: 9781403984333
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This innovative study reassesses Primo Levi's Holocaust memoirs in light of the posthumanist theories of Adorno, Levinas, Lyotard, and Foucault and finds causal links between certain Enlightenment ideas and the Nazi genocide. 173 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0230615589 ISBN 13: 9780230615588
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -As Mubarak's regime nearing its end becomes a strong possibility, many pressures, both foreign and domestic, are coming to bear on Egypt to bring democratic reforms to this struggling country. In The Mubarak Leadership and Future of Democracy in Egypt, Alaa Al-Din Arafat studies this new era and the obstacles that must be overcome. 269 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0230200079 ISBN 13: 9780230200074
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -A detailed study of an increasingly popular genre, this book offers readings of a group of significant and representative works, drawing on a range of interpretative strategies to examine the ways in which the contemporary historical novel engages with questions of nation and identity to illuminate Britain's post-imperial condition. 193 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0230554008 ISBN 13: 9780230554009
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -More and more policy issues involve issues that are explicitly values-based, yet public policy analysis tends to skirt around the question of values. Public Policy Values overcomes this reluctance by showing how public policies enable values-choices to be made, often without seeming to do so. 240 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0230206786 ISBN 13: 9780230206786
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This unique collection of essays provides a re-evaluation of the term 'Atlantic', by placing at the core of the debate on republicanism in the early modern age the link between continental Europe and America, rather than assuming British political culture as having been widely representative of Europe as a whole. 308 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0230019447 ISBN 13: 9780230019447
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Duncan Pritchard offers students not only a new exploration of topics central to current epistemological debate, but also a new way of doing epistemology. This advanced textbook covers such key topics as virtue epistemology, anti-luck epistemology, epistemological disjunctivism and attributer contextualism. 161 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0230222846 ISBN 13: 9780230222847
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -This book examines how women athletes were represented in international media coverage during the 2004 Olympic Games. Through feminist theorizing and qualitative textual analysis, the contributors discuss sexualization, nationalism, success, failure and the [in]visibility of women athletes in newspaper reporting in Asia, Europe and the USA. 260 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0230554156 ISBN 13: 9780230554153
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The concept of specific receptors for drugs, hormones and transmitters lies at the very heart of biomedicine. This book is the first to consider the idea from its 19th century origins in the work of John Newport Langley and Paul Ehrlich, to its development of during the 20th century and its current impact on drug discovery in the 21st century. 239 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0230606660 ISBN 13: 9780230606661
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Maintenance, Meed, and Marriage in Medieval English Literature deftly interrogates the relationship between lord and man in medieval England. Employing the study of medieval analogies this book is the first to explore how the relationship between lords and retainers was depicted in literature by Chaucer, Gower, Langland, and Lydgate. Kennedy uses close readings and medieval letter collections to provide a documentary look at how lords and men communicated information about their relationships and reveals surprising information about both medieval law and society. 185 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 023061325X ISBN 13: 9780230613256
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Despite the availability of some formal legal remedies, women lawyers rarely challenge discriminatory behaviour. This book explores this seemingly contradictory situation, and by exploring lawyers' use of legal discourse in an Internet community, Baumle examines whether the law can in fact serve as a useful tool to challenge inequality. 197 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 8847007984 ISBN 13: 9788847007987
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Gli esami di valutazione della funzionalità respiratoria sono sempre più diffusi e hanno assunto un valore elevato nella decisione terapeutica e nella perizia medica.Quale esame, quando, perché: Spirometria, pletismografia corporea, test di diffusione, test di provocazione, misurazione della pressione d'occlusione alla bocca, misurazione del picco di flusso, emogasanalisi.Affidabilità nelle procedure diagnostiche: Consigli e suggerimenti per informare e guidare il paziente. È solo grazie alla sua collaborazione attiva che si possono ottenere risultati corretti.Referti corretti: Valutazione del contesto unita alla valutazione clinica del paziente e ai risultati degli esami.All'interno del volume: principi di base della pratica clinica, introduzione alle metodiche, parametri di riferimento, guida all'interpretazione degli esami e altre informazioni utili.Approccio sistematico a casi clinici di varia complessità con esempi pratici, domande, esercizi e referti.Il successo: autonomia e sicurezza nell'esecuzione degli esami e nella definizione del referto. 156 pp. Italienisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 023022041X ISBN 13: 9780230220416
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The figure of the migrant has been celebrated by some as an icon of postmodernity, an emblematic figure in a world increasingly characterized by transnationalism, globalization and mass migrations. Král takes issue with this view of the migrant experience through in-depth analyses of writers including Salman Rushdie, Zadie Smith and Monica Ali. 189 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0230614183 ISBN 13: 9780230614185
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -The book suggests that the US-Russia post-9/11 partnership did not endure because much of America's policy is shaped by an ambition to remain the world's only superpower. The book analyzes the negative role played by Russophobia and advocates a different approach to Russia in the post-Cold War world. 240 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0230607675 ISBN 13: 9780230607675
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -Group Purchasing Organizations (GPOs) are a massive subset of the healthcare industry that negotiate lower costs for healthcare supplies by buying for several hospitals at once. Group Purchasing Organizations provides an analysis and critique of this industry. 183 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 8876423443 ISBN 13: 9788876423444
Seller: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germany
Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Neuware - Since 2001 the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa has organized the 'Colloquio De Giorgi', a series of colloquium talks named after Ennio De Giorgi. The Colloquio is addressed to a general mathematical audience, and especially meant to attract graduate students and advanced undergraduate students. The lectures are intended to be not too technical, in fields of wide interest. They must provide an overview of the general topic, possibly in a historical perspective, together with a description of more recent progress. The idea of collecting the materials from these lectures and publishing them in annual volumes came out recently, as a recognition of their intrinsic mathematical interest, and also with the aim of preserving memory of these events.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 8876423435 ISBN 13: 9788876423437
Seller: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germany
Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Neuware - This volume collects some contributed papers by the participants to the workshop 'Singularities in nonlinear evolution phenomena and applications', which was held at the Centro di Ricerca Matematica E. De Giorgi, from May 26th to May 30th, 2008.The topic of the workshop was the formation and the evolution of singular structures, like systems of points, curves and surfaces.Such questions naturally arise in many models from physics, biology, image processing and applied mathematics in general, and have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. Their analysis requires sophisticated tools and an interdisciplinary approach, and poses new challenging mathematical problems.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 1441900373 ISBN 13: 9781441900371
Seller: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germany
Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Neuware - For over a decade, William Lehr, Lorenzo Pupillo, and their colleagues in academia, industry, and policy have been on the electronic frontier, exploring the implications of the technologies that are revolutionizing communication and culture. In 2002, Cyber Policy and Economics in an Internet Age featured essays that focused on such emerging economic and policy-related issues of universal access, appropriate content, spectrum allocation, taxation, consumer protection, and regulation, with respect to the Internet. In this fully revised and updated edition, entitled Internet Policy and Economics: Challenges and Perspectives, the editors and contributors tackle the most current topics and issues, as the Internet continues to permeate all facets of society. New chapters cover dynamics in the developing world, the implications of e-commerce for fiscal policy, and the impact of peer-to-peer networks on music and the arts, as well as debates over intellectual property rights, privacy issues, and cybercrime. Applying insights from economics, political science, law, business, and communications, the book will serve as essential resource for researchers and students, policymakers and regulators, and industry analysts and practitioners.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 1848823002 ISBN 13: 9781848823006
Seller: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germany
Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Neuware - Protecting Privacy in Video Surveillance offers the state of the art from leading researchers and experts in the field. This broad ranging volume discusses the topic from various technical points of view and also examines surveillance from a societal perspective.A comprehensive introduction carefully guides the reader through the collection of cutting-edge research and current thinking. The technical elements of the field feature topics from MERL blind vision, stealth vision and privacy by de-identifying face images, to using mobile communications to assert privacy from video surveillance, and using wearable computing devices for data collection in surveillance environments. Surveillance and society is approached with discussions of security versus privacy, the rise of surveillance, and focusing on social control.This rich array of the current research in the field will be an invaluable reference for researchers, as well as graduate students.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0817648054 ISBN 13: 9780817648053
Seller: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. Neuware - Many problems in science and engineering involve the solution of differential equations or systems. One of most successful methods of solving nonlinear equations is the determination of critical points of corresponding functionals. The study of critical points has grown rapidly in recent years and has led to new applications in other scientific disciplines. This monograph continues this theme and studies new results discovered since the author's preceding book entitled Linking Methods in Critical Point Theory.Written in a clear, sequential exposition, topics include semilinear problems, Fucik spectrum, multidimensional nonlinear wave equations, elliptic systems, and sandwich pairs, among others. With numerous examples and applications, this book explains the fundamental importance of minimax systems and describes how linking methods fit into the framework.Minimax Systems and Critical Point Theory is accessible to graduate students with some background in functional analysis, and the new material makes this book a useful reference for researchers and mathematicians.Review of the author's previous Birkhäuser work, Linking Methods in Critical Point Theory:The applications of the abstract theory are to the existence of (nontrivial) weak solutions of semilinear elliptic boundary value problems for partial differential equations, written in the form Au = f(x, u). . . . The author essentially shows how his methods can be applied whenever the nonlinearity has sublinear growth, and the associated functional may increase at a certain rate in every direction of the underlying space. This provides an elementary approach to such problems. . . . A clear overview of the contents of the book is presented in the first chapter, while bibliographical comments and variant results are described in the last one. -MathSciNet.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0387981934 ISBN 13: 9780387981932
Seller: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. Neuware - Employee disengagement is one of the most pressing problems plaguing managers today hampering the innovation capacities of countless organizations. According to recent polls, some 20 percent of workers report feeling disconnected from their jobs, in an environment of stagnating wages, massive layoffs, rising health care costs, and other factors that contribute to alienation, distrust, and apathy.In The Organizational Sweet Spot, Dr. Charles Ehin takes a refreshing new look at what it will take to reengage disaffected workers and boost their resolve to advance novel ideas. Applying the latest research from such fields as evolutionary psychology, social neuroscience, organizational behavior, anthropology, and social network analysis, Ehin demonstrates how employee disengagement is rooted in a fundamental misalignment between people's instinctive drive to develop their personal and group identities through informal or 'emergent' relationships and the ways in which organizational goals and profit motives are executed through formal bureaucracy.The challenge for today's organizations-which operate under constantly changing conditions-is to narrow this gap, that is, to find the 'sweet spot', where the formal and informal elements of the organization overlap. Ehin provides practical tools for leaders to support this 'shared access domain' to improve productivity, catalyze innovation, and inspire exceptional performance. His new model is likely to reverberate throughout current management thinking as we move toward creating more vital and meaningful workplaces.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 1441904190 ISBN 13: 9781441904195
Seller: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. Neuware - One of the best ways for students or practitioners to learn is through real-life example. In this volume, Clark presents several case studies that can be used not only by those currently working in the industry, but as a means for sparking discussion in food engineering classes.This book has several purposes: (1) to serve as a source of information about a representative collection of food processes with which Clark has had experience; (2) to convey some practical lessons about process development and plant design; and (3) to serve educators as a resource for class problems and discussion.The book is organized in three broad sections. The first concerns processes that are primarily physical, such as mixing. The second concerns processes that also involve biochemical changes, such as thermal sterilization. The third section addresses some broader issues that have not been discussed elsewhere, including how to tour a plant, how to choose among building a new plant, expanding or renovating; and how to develop processes.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0387494286 ISBN 13: 9780387494289
Seller: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. Neuware - Wetlands throughout the world, including those described in this book are among the most sensitive and vulnerable ecosystems. They are critical habitats to the world's migratory birds and a broad range of endangered mammal, reptile, amphibian, and plant species. They provide a broad range of flood storage, pollution control, water supply, ecotourism functions to indigenous peoples and country populations as a whole. They are also at the center of severe land and water use conflicts. These are conflicts between counties where wetland resources or the water supplies required for such resources involve more than one country. These are conflicts in use such as conflicts between habitat protection and charcoal production in mangroves. These are conflicts between groups of peoples such as indigenous peoples and hydropower advocates. Many wetlands have already been destroyed by water extractions, dams, levees, channelization, and fills. Others have been degraded by water pollution, overfishing and overhunting, timber harvest, and a host of other activities. This book describes these conflicts and international policies and institutions developed to protect and manage wetland resources. Most of the broader literature and other books on wetlands focuses on wildlife. Wildlife is described in the case studies, which follow. But, Richard Smardon provides us with more. He traces the history of conflicts and the development of policies and insti- tions to protect and manage wetland resources.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 1848822170 ISBN 13: 9781848822177
Seller: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. Neuware - Overview and Goals Wireless communication technologies are undergoing rapid advancements. The last few years have experienced a steep growth in research in the area of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In WSNs, communication takes place with the help of spatially distributedautonomoussensornodesequippedtosensespeci cinformation. WSNs, especially the ones that have gained much popularity in the recent years, are, ty- cally, ad hoc in nature and they inherit many characteristics/features of wireless ad hoc networks such as the ability for infrastructure-less setup, minimal or no reliance on network planning, and the ability of the nodes to self-organize and self-con gure without the involvement of a centralized network manager, router, access point, or a switch. These features help to set up WSNs fast in situations where there is no existing network setup or in times when setting up a xed infrastructure network is considered infeasible, for example, in times of emergency or during relief- erations. WSNs nd a variety of applications in both the military and the civilian population worldwide such as in cases of enemy intrusion in the battle eld, object tracking, habitat monitoring, patient monitoring, re detection, and so on. Even though sensor networks have emerged to be attractive and they hold great promises for our future, there are several challenges that need to be addressed. Some of the well-known challenges are attributed to issues relating to coverage and deployment, scalability, quality-of-service, size, computational power, energy ef ciency, and security.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 9031369276 ISBN 13: 9789031369270
Seller: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germany
Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Neuware - Interpersoonlijke psychotherapie wordt in Nederland geruime tijd toegepast. IPT is een kortdurende individuele psychotherapie die ontwikkeld is voor de behandeling van depressie. Het succes van IPT is vooral te danken aan haar praktische benadering. IPT is vastgelegd in een behandelprotocol en voldoet aan de criteria voor evidence based behandelen.Groepspsychotherapeut Dina Snippe heeft deze individuele psychotherapie als een van de eersten in Nederland toegepast in een ambulante groep (IPT-G). Dit boek is de weerslag van jarenlange ervaring met deze vorm van groepspsychotherapie. Vanzelfsprekend komen de verschillende technieken van IPT-G uitgebreid aan de orde. Er is ruim aandacht voor de ontwikkeling van het groepsproces. Aandachtspunten zijn: de rol van de therapeuten, co-therapie en het omgaan met suïcidaliteit. De laatste twee hoofdstukken zijn gewijd aan de opleiding en de meest recente ontwikkelingen op het gebied van IPT-G in Nederland.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 038787822X ISBN 13: 9780387878225
Seller: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germany
Taschenbuch. Condition: Neu. Neuware - The aim of this book is to present hyperbolic partial di erential equations at an elementary level. In fact, the required mathematical background is only a third year university course on di erential calculus for functions of several variables. No functional analysis knowledge is needed, nor any distribution theory (with the exception of shock waves mentioned below). k All solutions appearing in the text are piecewise classical C solutions. Beyond the simpli cations it allows, there are several reasons for this choice: First, we believe that all main features of hyperbolic partial d- ferential equations (PDE) (well-posedness of the Cauchy problem, nite speed of propagation, domains of determination, energy inequalities, etc. ) canbedisplayedinthiscontext. Wehopethatthisbookitselfwillproveour belief. Second,allproperties,solutionformulas,andinequalitiesestablished here in the context of smooth functions can be readily extended to more general situations (solutions in Sobolev spaces or temperate distributions, etc. ) by simple standard procedures of functional analysis or distribution theory, which are 'external' to the theory of hyperbolic equations: The deep mathematical content of the theorems is already to be found in the statements and proofs of this book. The last reason is this: We do hope that many readers of this book will eventually do research in the eld that seems to us the natural continuation of the subject: nonlinear hyp- bolic systems (compressible uids, general relativity theory, etc. ).
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 0230205941 ISBN 13: 9780230205949
Seller: BuchWeltWeit Ludwig Meier e.K., Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. This item is printed on demand - it takes 3-4 days longer - Neuware -What world has been constructed for dancing through the use of the term 'world dance' What kinds of worlds do we as scholars create for a given dance when we undertake to describe and analyze it This book endeavours to make new epistemological space for the analysis of the world's dance by offering a variety of new analytic approaches. 209 pp. Englisch.
Published by Springer Nature Singapore Jun 2009, 2009
ISBN 10: 1441901612 ISBN 13: 9781441901613
Seller: AHA-BUCH GmbH, Einbeck, Germany
Buch. Condition: Neu. Neuware - The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with a solid background and understanding of the basic results and methods in probability theory before entering into more advanced courses (in probability and/or statistics). The presentation is fairly thorough and detailed with many solved examples. Several examples are solved with di erent methods in order to illustrate their di erent levels of sophistication, their pros, and their cons. The motivation for this style of exposition is that experience has proved that the hard part in courses of this kind usually is the application of the results and methods; to know how, when, and where to apply what; and then, technically, to solve a given problem once one knows how to proceed. Exercises are spread out along the way, and every chapter ends with a large selection of problems. Chapters 1 through 6 focus on some central areas of what might be called pure probability theory: multivariate random variables, conditioning, tra- forms, order variables, the multivariate normal distribution, and convergence.