Reflexions On The Metaphysical Principles Of The Infinitesimal Analysis by Lazare Carnot. This work presents a philosophical and mathematical examination of the spirit of the Infinitesimal Analysis. It is organized in three parts: an exploration of the general principles, a critique of how the method has been reduced to an algorithm (through the differential and integral calculus), and a comparison with alternative approaches such as the method of exhaustion, the method of indivisibles, and the theory of limits and fluxions. Carnot introduces key ideas such as the distinction between assigned (fixed) and unassigned (variable) quantities, and the fundamental principle that errors introduced in calculations can be compensated and eliminated as one eliminates the auxiliary infinitesimal quantities. The text provides definitions, corollaries, and examples (e.g., tangents, areas, and volumes) to illustrate how infinitesimal quantities serve as useful auxiliaries that yield exact results after proper elimination. The work situates infinitesimal analysis within a broader historical and methodological context, arguing for its power and general applicability.
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