History Of Civilization In England: In 5 Vol by Henry Thomas Buckle explores how civilizations rise and fall, arguing that progress rests on the observation of natural laws, that skepticism precedes inquiry, that intellectual discoveries eventually outrun moral truths, and that the great enemy of civilization is the protective spirit of state and church. In this Volume IV excerpt Buckle extends his comparative method to Iberia and Scotland, presenting long analyses of Spain’s intellectual history from the fifth to the nineteenth century, including the climate, earthquakes, and the powerful Spanish priesthood that fostered superstition and loyalty; the expulsion of the Moriscos and the Inquisition’s role; the later Bourbon reforms under Charles III; and the consequences for Spanish industry and national character. He then shifts to Scotland, describing the condition of Scotland to the end of the fourteenth century, the power of nobles, the Crown, and the Church, and the seeds of the Reformation. Across these threads Buckle argues that public knowledge and opinion, not reform decrees alone, shape civilizations.
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