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Synopsis
On Comparative Longevity In Man And The Lower Animals by Edwin Ray Lankester. This compact nineteenth?century essay, originally presented as an Oxford prize essay (1869) and published in 1870, investigates why lifespans vary so widely across species and states of civilization. Lankester defines longevity as the duration of life of an individual, distinguishes between absolute, normal, and average longevity, and separates the concepts of life, growth, and decay. He frames longevity through two main influences: the degree of organismal individuation (complexity and bulk) and the level of life?expenditure (personal and generative). Drawing on Bacon, Flourens, Hufeland, Spencer, and Darwinian ideas, he argues that high individuation generally favours longer potential life, while greater expenditure reduces it; civilization can modify these relations, often extending life through improved conditions and social support, though luxury may shorten it. The work surveys data from protozoa to mammals, including humans, acknowledging the scarcity and variability of observations. It closes with general conclusions and a discussion of abnormal longevity, emphasizing the provisional and evolving nature of life?span knowledge across species and civilizations.
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On Comparative Longevity in Man and the Lower Animals
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On Comparative Longevity in Man and the Lower Animals
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HardPress Ltd, 2021
ISBN 10: 046193891X
ISBN 13: 9780461938913
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