Adventures in Memory: The Science and Secrets of Remembering and Forgetting - Hardcover

Østby, Hilde; Østby, Ylva

Hardcover

ISBN 10: 1771643471 ISBN 13: 9781771643474

Publisher: Greystone Books, 2018

Synopsis

A novelist and a neuroscientist uncover the secrets of human memory.

What makes us remember? Why do we forget? And what, exactly, is a memory?

With playfulness and intelligence, Adventures in Memory answers these questions and more, offering an illuminating look at one of our most fascinating faculties. The authors—two Norwegian sisters, one a neuropsychologist and the other an acclaimed writer—skillfully interweave history, research, and exceptional personal stories, taking readers on a captivating exploration of the evolving understanding of the science of memory from the Renaissance discovery of the hippocampus—named after the seahorse it resembles—up to the present day. Mixing metaphor with meta-analysis, they embark on an incredible journey: “diving for seahorses” for a memory experiment in Oslo fjord, racing taxis through London, and “time-traveling” to the future to reveal thought-provoking insights into remembering and forgetting. Along the way they interview experts of all stripes, from the world’s top neuroscientists to famous novelists, to help explain how memory works, why it sometimes fails, and what we can do to improve it.

Filled with cutting-edge research and nimble storytelling, the result is a charming—and memorable—adventure through human memory.

About this title

About the Author

"An accessible book, which makes it all the more joyful."
—NYLON

"There are many reasons to read this book, not least because it is fascinating to the point of being slightly disturbing."
—The Times

"Takes the reader on a tour of the past 450 years of memory research."
—The Lancet, Neurology

"Hilde and Ylva Østby are well aware that they are working close to the core of human identity and that is complex terrain. They are fine guides to a forgotten world."
—Sydney Morning Herald

"Poets and novelists got a head start, but for some 140 years now scientists, too, have been wrestling with memory. It’s this struggle that two Norwegian sisters, the novelist Hilde Østby and the neuropsychologist Ylva Østby, tackle in their engrossing book."
—Undark Magazine

"The book is very poetic, interleaving neuroscience with literary classics and personal recollections. The result is much more introspective and emotional than other works on the subject, which can be more obsessively technical but less relatable."
—Science Borealis

"Gorgeously researched and written, this is science told as a page-turner rather than a treatise. Be prepared to emerge with a different sense of your life’s memories. A book you can’t forget."
—David Eagleman, PhD, neuroscientist, New York Times bestselling author, creator, and presenter of the PBS television series The Brain

"It is rare that a book of neuroscience can be equal parts mystery, history, literature, and science, but what could be more appropriate for a deep dive into research on memory? Hilde and Ylva Østby are the 21st-century, neuroscience equivalent of the Brontë sisters."
—Maryanne Wolf, author of Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain

"The Østby sisters—one a novelist and the other a neuropsychologist—have combined their strengths to produce a lyrically written and lucidly reasoned exploration of how memory works. Adventures in Memory is full of fascinating characters and indelible scenes that will continue tumbling around in your mind long after you’ve turned its last page."
—Luke Dittrich, author of Patient H.M.: A Story of Memory, Madness, and Family Secrets

"Memory is one of the most important capacities we possess. Sometimes it is right, but often it is terribly wrong. In Adventures in Memory, we learn, through science and stories, just how good and how bad it can be. In this engaging book, the Østby sisters introduce us to some of the leading scientists and famous memory personalities. Be prepared to be educated and entertained at the same time."
—Elizabeth Loftus, PhD, false memory expert and author of Eyewitness Testimony

Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.

From chapter one: The Sea monster

Your memory is a monster; you forget—it doesn’t. It simply files things away. It keeps things for you, or hides things from you—and summons them to your recall with a will of its own. You think you have a memory; but it has you!—John Irving, A Prayer for Owen Meany

At the bottom of the ocean, tail curled around seagrass, the male seahorse sways back and forth in the current. He may be tiny and mysterious, but no ocean creature compares to him. The only male in the animal kingdom to become pregnant, he stands on guard, carrying his eggs in his pouch until they hatch and the fry swim away into the open sea.

But let’s back up: this isn’t a book about seahorses. To find our real subject, we must rise out of the depths and journey back 450 years.

The year is 1564. We’re in Bologna, Italy, a city full of elegant brick buildings and shady, vine-covered walkways. Here, at the world’s first proper university, Dr. Julius Caesar Arantius bends over a beautiful object. Well, beautiful might be an exaggeration, if you’re not already deeply, passionately involved in its study. It’s a human brain. Rather gray and unassuming, and on loan from a nearby mortuary. Students surround the doctor, clustered on benches throughout the theater, following his work intently, as though he and the organ in front of him are the two leads in a drama. Arantius leans over the brain and slices through its outer layers, studying each fraction of an inch with extreme interest, hoping to understand what it does. His disregard for religious authority is clear in the gusto with which he approaches his dissection because, at the time, the scientific study of human corpses is strictly forbidden.

The doctor cuts further into the object, examining what’s inside. And then, deep within the brain, buried in the temporal lobe, he finds something very interesting. Something small, curled up into itself. It looks, he thinks, a bit like a silkworm. The upper classes of the Italian Renaissance loved silk, a luxurious and exotic fabric that arrived in Venice via the Silk Road from China; by extension, they loved silkworms too. Intrigued, Arantius looks closer, making some careful cuts, and pries the little worm loose, liberating it from the rest of the brain.

This is the moment at which modern memory research was born, the precise moment that memory, as a concept, moved from the mythological world into the physical one. However, back then, on that particular day in sixteenth-century Bologna, life goes on in the markets as usual; people carry wine and truffles and pasta below the city’s famous pergolas and ancient red brick towers, oblivious to the hugely important discovery in their midst.

Arantius turns over what he has dug out of the brain and places it on the table before him, considering what it might be. That’s it! Rather than a silkworm, perhaps it is a tiny seahorse? Yes, indeed. With its head nodding forward and its tail curling up, it does look like a seahorse, the tiny distinctive fish living in shallow ocean waters between the tropics and England. And so he names it: hippocampus, meaning “horse sea monster” in Latin. It also shares its name with a mythological creature—half horse, half fish—said to wreak havoc in the waters around ancient Greece.

By the light of a tallow candle perched on an autopsy table, Julius Caesar Arantius couldn’t tell what this little part of the brain actually did. All he could do was give it a name. Hundreds of years passed before we fully understood the significance of what this Italian doctor held in his hands, and you might guess that it has something to do with memory. After all, memory is the subject of this book.

The world beneath the sea and the one in our brain are profoundly different, of course, but there are many similarities between the seahorse and the hippocampus. Just as the male seahorse carries his eggs in his pouch until it’s safe for the fry to be on their own, the seahorse of the brain also carries something: our memories. It watches over them and nurtures them until they are strong enough to make it on their own. The hippocampus is the womb that carries our memories.

No one knew how crucial the hippocampus was to memory until 1953, but there was endless speculation about where memories were stored in the brain. One popular early belief was that our thoughts flowed through the liquid inside our skulls, but that theory was long gone by 1953. By then, the prevailing thought was that memories were created and stored throughout the brain. But then something happened to sink this theory once and for all, an incident that was tragic for one man, fortunate for the rest of us. An unsuccessful experimental surgery was the key to understanding Julius Caesar Arantius’s earlier discovery.

Edition details

• Publisher: Greystone Books
• Publication date: 2018
• ISBN 10: 1771643471
• ISBN 13: 9781771643474
• Binding: Hardcover
• Language: English
• Number of pages: 312