Advanced Bilayer Heterostructure Electrodes for High-Performance Supercapacitors: A Comprehensive Study on Polyaniline, Polypyrrole, MnO₂, Cr₂O₃ and Composite Thin Films

This book presents a comprehensive study on the synthesis, structural analysis, and electrochemical performance of conducting polymers (Polyaniline, Polypyrrole) and transition metal oxides (MnO₂, Cr₂O₃) for supercapacitor applications. Emphasis is placed on galvanostatic electrodeposition techniques for fabricating single-layer and bilayer heterostructure thin films on stainless steel substrates.The book systematically explains the growth mechanisms, physicochemical characterization (XRD, SEM, FTIR, UV–Vis, AFM), and electrochemical evaluation (CV, GCD, EIS) of individual and composite layers. Special focus is given to bilayer electrodes such as PANI/Cr₂O₃, PPy/MnO₂, and other combinations that demonstrate enhanced capacitance, cyclic stability, and charge transport behavior.With clear illustrations, experimental methods, and analysis suitable for both beginners and researchers, this book serves as a valuable reference for:Energy storage researchersSupercapacitor and battery technologistsNanoscience and materials science studentsScientists working on polymer-oxide hybrid materialsThe work also highlights structure–property relationships and provides insights into designing next-generation high-performance supercapacitor electrodes.