An American Trade Strategy: Options for the 1990s

The world trading envionment changed dramatically in the 1980s. America's trade balance declined sharply, while Japan, Germany, and the newly industrialized countries of Asia built up large, continuing surpluses. Such developments led many people to question whether the traditional postwar strategy of reliance on multilateral free trade agreements is still the best course for the United States, or even a viable one.

The challenges to the multilateral system are both practical and theoretical. Various nations are already forming "free trade" blocs-- notably the Europe 1992 and the Canadian-American trade arrangements. The United States has increasingly bypassed the GATT and bargained bilaterally in trade disputes, especially with Japan. Several prominent economists have developed new theories that support a more active role for the government to help shape technological change and improve the competitive position of the United States in world markets. Others strongly defend the current arrangements and caution that greater reliance on bilateral bargaining and trading blocs will lead to fragmented world trade and cartel-like arrangements among a few major producers. They are even more skeptical of an interventionist government successfully "managing" trade.

An American Trade Strategy assesses options for the decade ahead, examining the case for mulitlateral free trade, aggressive bilateralism, and managed trade, as well as their shortcomings. The editors and contributors evaluate the alternative strategies and reflect on their implications for the future direction of American trade policy.

Robert Z. Lawrence is Albert L. Williams Professor of International Trade and Investment at the Kennedy School of Government. He is also a senior fellow at the Institute for International Economics, and a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. He served as a member of the President's Council of Economic Advisers from 1998 to 2000. Lawrence has also been a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution. His books include "Globaphobia: Confronting Fears about Open Trade" (Brookings, 1998) and "Single World, Divided Nations? International Trade and the OECD Labor Markets" (Brookings/OECD, 1996). Charles L. Schultze is a senior fellow in the Economic Studies program at Brookings. He was chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers during the Carter administration and director of the U.S. Bureau of the Budget during the Johnson administration.