This comprehensive study explores two critical aspects of agricultural toxicology and phytochemical analysis. First, the genotoxic effects of paraquat, a widely used non-selective herbicide, were assessed on maize (Zea mays) through controlled exposure at concentrations of 0.2, 0.6, and 0.8 mg/L. Using gel electrophoresis and clustering analysis, a clear concentration-dependent increase in DNA fragmentation was observed, particularly at 0.6 and 0.8 mg/L, indicating significant oxidative stress and genetic damage compared to herbicide-free controls. These findings reveal the potential risks of paraquat application on crop genetic integrity. Second, the phytochemical profile of fermented Artemisia annua leaf extracts, prepared via fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was characterized using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The analysis identified a diverse range of bioactive compounds, including phenols (notably p-coumaric acid at 11.995 mg/L), flavonoids, organic acids, and glycosides such as saponins, all of which contribute to the extract’s antioxidant and pharmacological properties.

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