Microorganisms are the principal source of irritation to the dental pulp. Greater incidence of success in root canal therapy is obtained after a negative bacteriological culture is obtained. Most organisms encountered in the infected root canal and periapical region are of oral origin. This book is focusing on the apical extrusion of intra-canal bacteria by different instruments and instrumentations' techniques.

About the Author

Assistant Professor Linz Ali Shalan (B.D.S., M.Sc.), Conservative Department at Baghdad University/ College of Dentistry. Prof. Dr. Walid. Al- Hashimi B.D.S., M.Sc. (USA) Conservative Department at Baghdad University . Assistant Professor Dr. Abbass S. Al-Mizraqchi Ph.D. (Microbiology), Basic Department at Baghdad University

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