During armed conflict, it is common for armed groups and other non-State actors to act in a way that potentially violates international law, for example by causing harm to civilians. This volume in the Lieber Studies series provides a detailed analysis of when harmful conduct by non-State actors can be legally attributed to a State under international law. Using case studies from recent conflicts, this book clarifies when each of the six rules of attribution applies and also assesses the effectiveness of international law in ensuring State responsibility for such conduct, offering a clear and practical guide to a complex area of legal accountability in modern warfare.

About the Author

Jennifer Maddocks is a Lecturer in International and Operational Law at the University of Reading School of Law. She was previously an Assistant Professor in the Department of Law at the United States Military Academy, West Point, a Faculty Fellow with the Lieber Institute for Law and Warfare, and Managing Editor for the Lieber Institute's digital publication Articles of War. Prior to joining West Point, Dr. Maddocks served for over thirteen years as an officer in the British Army Legal Services, gaining considerable operational experience including deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan.

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