Beyond Passwords: Usage and Policy Transformation

The purpose of this research is to determine whether the transition to a two-factorauthentication system is more secure than a system that relied only on what users "know"for authentication. While we found that factors that made passwords inherentlyvulnerable did not transfer to the PIN portion of a two-factor authentication system, wedid find significant problems relating to usability, worker productivity, and the loss andtheft of smart cards. The new authentication method has disrupted our ability to stayconnected to ongoing mission issues, forced some installations to cut off remote accessfor their users and in one instance, caused a reserve unit to regress 10 years in theirnotification and recall procedures.

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