Cellular Peptide Hormone Synthesis and Secretory Pathways

The concept of hormonal regulation using intercellular peptide messengers dates back to the discovery of secretin in 1902. The concept was simple: A peptide is released from specific hormone producing cells, endocrine cells, into circulation upon stimulation of the cells. The peptide hormone travels via blood to its target, the cells of which are equipped with specific receptors for high-affinity binding of the particular peptide hormone. Receptor binding subsequently elicits action of the target cells. This concept has been seriously challenged by modern biochemistry and cell biology. Thus, it is now well established that the gene of a specific peptide hormone may be expressed in different types of endocrine cells, in neurons, and in some instances also in adipocytes, myocytes, osteoblasts, and immune cells. Today, only a few hormones – including the old master hormone insulin – represent the original endocrine paradigm. Instead, the widespread cellular synthesis now raises the qu- tion of how the body maintains the regulation of its functions by peptide hormones when a hormone may originate from a variety of cells.

The purpose of the present volume is to illustrate the modern biological concept of basic endocrinology in one single book. It first describes general issues such as maturation of secretory granules in the cells, the roles of the chaperonic granins, and cell-specific prohormone processing. Subsequently, the specific part of the book illustrates the new endocrine biology, using as examples a broad variety of individual peptide systems: ACTH, Neurotensin and Neuromedines, Natriuretic Peptides, Glucagon and Glucagon-like peptides, Somatostatin, Ghrelin, Gastrin and VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide).