On 15 August 778, Charlemagne’s army was returning from a successful expedition against Saracen Spain when its rearguard was ambushed in a remote Pyrenean pass. Out of this skirmish arose a stirring tale of war, which was recorded in the oldest extant epic poem in French. The Song of Roland, written by an unknown poet, tells of Charlemagne’s warrior nephew, Lord of the Breton Marches, who valiantly leads his men into battle against the Saracens, but dies in the massacre, defiant to the end. In majestic verses, the battle becomes a symbolic struggle between Christianity and Islam, while Roland’s last stand is the ultimate expression of honour and feudal values of twelfth-century France.

About the Author

Michel Zink holds the chair of Literatures of Medieval France at the Collge de France. He was professor of medieval French literature at the University of Toulouse and at the Sorbonne, and he has been a visiting professor at the University of Constance, the Johns Hopkins University, the University of California, Berkeley, and at Yale University.

Ian Short is a lecturer in mathematics at the Open University. His research interests lie in dynamics and geometry.

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