A Classification Of The Lepidoptera Based On Characters Of The Pupa by Edna Mosher. This scholarly work, originally issued as a thesis in 1908 and later published in the Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, undertakes a pupal-based approach to the classification of Lepidoptera. Mosher argues that information from immature stages—especially the pupal morphology—can illuminate relationships that are not evident from larval or adult stages alone. The text provides a systematic survey of pupal morphology, detailing structures of the head, thorax, and abdomen, and explaining how these characters can be used to differentiate superfamilies and families. It introduces an Analytical Table of Superfamilies and traces development from generalized to highly specialized pupae, covering multiple groups such as Micropterygoidea, Hepialoidea, Cossoidea, Eucleoidea, Gracilarioidea, Tortricoidea, Pyraloidea, Papilionoidea, Notodontoidea, and Sphingoidea, among others. The work discusses functional mandibles, maxillary palpi, cremasters, spiracles, and the decussation of pupal features, and includes methodological notes on dissections and life history observations. It aims to establish a foundation for future taxonomic work and to underscore the value of pupal characters in Lepidoptera systematics.

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