Cold Universe : Saas-Fee Advanced Course 32, Lecture Notes 2002 Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy

Modern astronomy has stretched its domains of exploration tremendously. Not only objects at very large distances and very old states of the Universe can be examined, but also all kinds of radiations and phenomena are now accessible. Astronomers constantly move from considerations about very - luted to very dense systems. Hot and energetic systems, being the easiest to observe, have attracted a lot of attention. However the cold and low energetic states have been so- what neglected, either because being harder to observe they appear unexc- ing, or because being less well known they tend to be ignored. However the Universe background radiation has now been determined as the most perfect known case of a black-body spectrum, a substantial fraction of matter spends some time close to the temperature of this universal thermal bath, before - ingtransformedintostarsorplanets. Someobjects,suchasrapidlyexpanding gas shells in planetary nebulae, may even succeed in reaching a temperature well below the background radiation temperature through the mere action of adiabatic expansion. In view of the highly dynamical and turbulent state of the interstellar medium, hot and cold temperature ?uctuations must be expected, while the clear observational bias is to observe the hot rather than the cold ?uctuations. Fortunately with the accessibility of far-infrared and sub-millimetric instruments such as SCUBA, WMAP, Planck or ALMA, we can expect in the coming years continuous advances in our understanding of these harder to observe cold stages of matter.

The cold universe is the part of the universe in a cold form close to the background radiation temperature. Until recently, this cold state has been neglected because it is hard to observe, although it must inevitably play a crucial role as the original state of most of the hotter observable objects such as planets, stars, and galaxies. Fortunately, the cold universe currently becomes more and more accessible with newer instruments.

This book contains the printed version of the lectures given at the 32nd Saas-Fee Advanced Course "The Cold Universe" by three eminent scientists in the field: Andrew Blain, Francoise Combes and Bruce Draine. Cold objects at cosmological distances, the origin of galaxies, the role of molecules in galaxies, and the physics of the dust in cold clouds are the main topics treated. This book contains an accessible and up-to-date review of the field and should be useful for many years to astronomy students, cosmologists, physicists and researchers.