Paul Penley advances our understanding of the sources behind the composition of John's Apocalypse by performing a source-critical investigation of selected portions of the Apocalypse and of the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. Dr. Penley applies specific criteria for compositional influence (shared vocabulary, phrases, grammar, syntax, ideas, and contexts) to these texts to demonstrate clear links between them. By using clear guidelines from recent scholarship for tracing oral traditions behind the New Testament's use of the Old Testament, Penley identifies a centered set of Jewish and Christian interpretive traditions influencing the composition of John's Apocalypse. For example, the way Luke 21 and Revelation 6 reorder and interpret Old Testament prophetic material is rooted in the same oral interpretive tradition. What does all of Dr. Penley's source-critical work mean? It means John was not doing fresh, personal exegesis of OT texts when he wrote his Apocalypse. If you interpret John's Apocalypse in isolation or jump all the way back to the original context of OT allusions, you will misunderstand the apocalyptic scenario that John presents. The synoptic sayings of judgment that Dr. Penley analyzes throughout his monograph are part of an intervening interpretive tradition that must be consulted to access the true meaning of the Apocalypse.
Dr. Paul T. Penley received his PhD from Trinity Evangelical Divinity School at the age of 28. He has presented his findings at annual meetings of the Society of Biblical Literature and the Evangelical Theological Society. He has been a professor of the Bible at Moody Bible Institute in Chicago and at Columbia Biblical Seminary. His biblical research has taken him to Israel, Egypt, Turkey, and Greece. Currently, Dr. Penley is the director of research at the philanthropic advisory firm Excellence in Giving in Colorado, USA.