With recent advances in natural language understanding techniques and far-field microphone arrays, natural language interfaces, such as voice assistants and chatbots, are emerging as a popular new way to interact with computers.
They have made their way out of the industry research labs and into the pockets, desktops, cars and living rooms of the general public. But although such interfaces recognize bits of natural language, and even voice input, they generally lack conversational competence, or the ability to engage in natural conversation. Today's platforms provide sophisticated tools for analyzing language and retrieving knowledge, but they fail to provide adequate support for modeling interaction. The user experience (UX) designer or software developer must figure out how a human conversation is organized, usually relying on commonsense rather than on formal knowledge. Fortunately, practitioners can rely on conversation science.
This book adapts formal knowledge from the field of Conversation Analysis (CA) to the design of natural language interfaces. It outlines the Natural Conversation Framework (NCF), developed at IBM Research, a systematic framework for designing interfaces that work like natural conversation. The NCF consists of four main components: 1) an interaction model of "expandable sequences," 2) a corresponding content format, 3) a pattern language with 100 generic UX patterns and 4) a navigation method of six basic user actions. The authors introduce UX designers to a new way of thinking about user experience design in the context of conversational interfaces, including a new vocabulary, new principles and new interaction patterns. User experience designers and graduate students in the HCI field as well as developers and conversation analysis students should find this book of interest.
Robert J. Moore is a research scientist at IBM Research-Almaden, where he examines the intersection of human conversation and technology. He is currently applying conversation science to the design of user experience and conversational agents. In the past, Dr. Moore has worked as a scientist at Yahoo! Labs and the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), and as a game designer at The Multiverse Network. He holds Ph.D., M.S., and B.A. degrees in sociology with concentrations in ethnomethodology, conversation analysis, and ethnography.Robert J. Moore is a research scientist at IBM Research-Almaden, where he examines the intersection of human conversation and technology. He is currently applying conversation science to the design of user experience and conversational agents. In the past, Dr. Moore has worked as a scientist at Yahoo! Labs and the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), and as a game designer at The Multiverse Network. He holds Ph.D., M.S., and B.A. degrees in sociology with concentrations in ethnomethodology, conversation analysis, and ethnography.
Raphael Arar is passionate about investigating interaction design for emerging technologies and complex systems. While currently a Principal Designer at Khan Academy, the research and writing for this publication was completed while he was designing for artificial intelligence systems at IBM Research-Almaden. Previously, he led the UX effort for the Apple + IBM partnership and taught in the Media Arts program at the University of Southern California. He holds an MFA from the California Institute of the Arts, a BA from Boston University, and in 2017, he was listed as one of Forbes's "30 under 30 in Enterprise Technology."
