The Correlation and Conservation of Forces: a Series of Expositions, by Prof. Grove, Prof. Helmholtz, Dr. Mayer, Dr. Faraday, Prof. Liebig and Dr. Carpenter. With an Introduction and Brief Biographical Notices of the Chief Promoters of the New Views

The Correlation And Conservation Of Forces: A Series Of Expositions, By Prof. Grove, Prof. Helmholtz, Dr. Mayer, Dr. Faraday, Prof. Liebig And Dr. Carpenter. With An Introduction And Brief Biographical Notices Of The Chief Promoters Of The New Views” by Edward Livingston Youmans. This volume compiles key European essays advancing a dynamic theory of forces, arguing that all physical forces are interconvertible forms of a single conserved energy. It traces developments from the concept of heat and its mechanical equivalence to the unity of light, heat, electricity, magnetism, and chemical affinity, grounded in precise measurement and experimental demonstration. The book gathers Grove’s The Correlation of Physical Forces, Helmholtz’s The Interaction of Natural Forces, Mayer’s Forces of Inorganic Nature, and others, reprinting them for an American audience with introductions and biographical sketches. It emphasizes the replacement of caloric-based heat with a dynamical, energy-centered vocabulary, and it situates these ideas within broader inquiries spanning astronomy, geophysics, physiology, and social thought. It also underscores an educational mission to standardize the language of science and to demonstrate the practical implications for engines, thermodynamics, and scientific pedagogy.