Ctrl+alt+doubt: Decoding the Language of Online Conspiracy Talk (Paperback or Softback)

Conspiracy theories are as old as society^―^but never have they spread so fast or so visibly. In an age of social media, moments of crisis and conflict ignite waves of conspiratorial storytelling that reshape how people interpret events, assign blame, and mobilize action.

Ctrl+Alt+Doubt offers a new way to understand why conspiracy theories grow and persist. Rather than treating them as cognitive errors, psychological pathologies, or products of echo chambers, Rao and Greve analyze conspiracy theories as linguistic constructions^―^stories built from recognizable semantic patterns. Using tools from distributional semantics, they map the semantic space of conspiracy talk and show how meanings are assembled, recombined, and diffused online.

Drawing on cases from COVID-19 and the Black Lives Matter protests, Rao and Greve show that conspiracy theorizing is a form of bricolage: people tinker with cultural fragments to craft explanations that reduce uncertainty and threat. New conspiracy beliefs are most likely to take hold when they are linguistically close to beliefs people already hold. The book traces how conspiracy theories spread through superspreaders, fear-laden language, bots, and shared hashtags^―^revealing conspiracy theorizing as a form of proto-coordination that generates community, amplifies outrage, and enables collective sensemaking among opponents of social movements.

By foregrounding language and interaction, Ctrl+Alt+Doubt bridges cultural sociology, computational linguistics, and diffusion theory^―^offering a powerful framework for understanding how conspiracy theories spread and how interventions might be designed to blunt their social harm.

Hayagreeva Rao is the Atholl McBean Professor of Organizational Behavior and Human Resources at the Stanford Graduate School of Business. He studies cultural and organizational change, with a focus on how language and narratives shape beliefs and institutions. A former editor of Administrative Science Quarterly, Rao is the author of Market Rebels, Scaling Up Excellence (with Robert I. Sutton), and The Friction Project, a Financial Times Best Business Book of 2024. He is a Fellow of the Academy of Management and the Sociological Research Association.

Henrich R. Greve has a Ph.D. in Business from Graduate School of Business at Stanford University and has spent much of his career doing research on how and why organizations make changes. He has also examined how communities differ from each other and change over time, and how this affects the foundation and growth of organizations. Soon after completing research on the societal effects on the Spanish Flu of 1918 onward, COVID-19 happened. A seemingly similar disease except that it was not just a human and societal disaster, but also an outbreak of conspiracy theories and political turmoil.