Deliberation in the Classroom: Fostering Critical Thinking, Community, and Citizenship in Schools

From the first appearance of the National Issues Forums in 1982, teachers have recognized the usefulness of both the NIF issue guides and the process of framing issues for deliberation as models for the role and work of citizens in a democracy. In 2006, the foundation began a series of learning exchanges―known as Teaching with Deliberation―with teachers interested in using deliberation with their students. Those learning exchanges, and the reports teachers and administrators produced over the past ten years, helped identify the key benefits and challenges teachers experienced when introducing deliberative practices into their classrooms and documented teachers' observations about the impact deliberation had on their students' sense of themselves as democratic citizens.

Deliberation in the Classroom, by Kettering research deputy Stacie Molnar-Main, is the product of that research. The book's insights, presented in terms that resonate with educators, support both the wider use of deliberative practices and the goal of growing the number of students who recognize a role for themselves as citizens in a democracy. It highlights the work of educators who place civic education at the heart of their work by choosing to teach their students an alternative to the divisive, zero-sum politics advanced by interest groups and portrayed in the media. These educators embrace participatory models of learning and decision making and work hard to expose students to difficult issues and varied perspectives, including unpopular and marginalized points of view. They understand that critical thinking and community building are not mutually exclusive terms, and that citizens need to learn how to talk, listen, and work with others so they can tackle complex issues that affect their communities.

About the Kettering Foundation

The Kettering Foundation is a nonpartisan, nonprofit operating foundation rooted in the American tradition of cooperative research. Kettering’s primary research question is: What does it take to make democracy work as it should? Kettering’s research is distinctive because it is conducted from the perspective of citizens and focuses on what people can do collectively to address problems affecting their lives, their communities, and their nation. For more information about Kettering research and publications, see the Kettering Foundation’s website at www.kettering.org.

Dr. Stacie Molnar-Main is an educational consultant whose work focuses on strengthening schools and communities through practices that support civic learning, positive school climate, and social-emotional learning. Molnar-Main holds professional certifications in K-12 school leadership and school psychology.