Diagnostic Radiology

Roentgen examination of the kidney and the ureter.- Preface.- A. Introduction.- B. Equipment.- C. Radiation protection.- D. Preparation of the patient for roentgen examination.- E. Examination methods.- I. Plain radiography.- 1. Position of kidneys.- 2. Shape of kidneys.- 3. Size of kidneys.- 4. Calcifications projected onto the urinary tract.- II. Additional methods.- 1. Tomography.- 2. Retroperitoneal pneumography.- 3. Roentgen examination of the surgically exposed kidney.- III. Pyelography and urography.- 1. Pyelography.- a) Contrast media.- b) Method.- c) Roentgen anatomy.- d) Antegrade pyelography.- e) Contraindications.- 2. Urography.- a) Contrast media.- b) Excretion of contrast medium during urography.- c) Injection and dose of contrast medium.- d) Reactions.- e) Examination technique.- IV. Renal angiography.- a) Aortic puncture.- b) Catheterization.- c) Comparison between selective and aortic renal angiography.- d) Angiography of operatively exposed kidney.- e) Injection of contrast medium.- f) Contrast media.- g) Risks.- h) Anatomy and roentgen anatomy.- ?) Arteries.- ?) Nephrographic phase.- ?) Venous phase.- Renal phlebography.- Normal anatomy.- F. Anomalies.- I. Anomalies of the renal pelvis and associated anomalies of the ureter.- 1. Double renal pelvis.- 2. Blind ureter.- 3. Anomalies of the calyces.- 4. Anomalies in the border between calyces and renal parenchyma.- II. Anomalies of the renal parenchyma.- 1. Aplasia and agenesia.- 2. Hypoplasia.- a) General hypoplasia.- b) Local hypoplasia.- Renal angiography.- III. Malrotation.- IV. Ectopia.- V. Fusion.- VI. Vascular changes in renal anomalies.- Multiple renal arteries.- a) Anatomic investigations.- b) Angiographic studies.- c) Level of origin.- VII. Renal angiography in anomalies.- VIII. Ureteric anomalies.- 1. Retro-caval ureter.- 2. Ureters with ectopic orifice.- 3. Ureteric valve.- G. Nephro- and ureterolithiasis.- I. Chemical composition of stones.- II. Age, sex, and side involved.- III. Size and shape of stones.- IV. Stone in association with certain diseases.- V. Stones induced by side-effects of therapy.- VI. Formation of stones from a roentgenologic point of view.- VII. Plain roentgenography.- 1. Differential diagnosis of stone by plain roentgenography.- 2. Disappearance of renal and ureteric stones.- 3. Perforation.- VIII. Roentgen examination in association with operation.- IX. Urography and pyelography.- X. Nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy and ureterolithotomy.- XL Roentgen examination during renal colic.- 1. Plain radiography.- 2. Urography.- 3. Discussion of signs of stasis.- 4. Reflex anuria.- 5. Cessation of pain.- 6. Passage of stone.- XII. Obstructed ureteric flow and kidney function.- XIII. Renal angiography.- XIV. Nephrocalcinosis.- 1. Hyperparathyroidism.- 2. Sarcoidosis.- 3. Hypercalcaemia.- 4. Glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and tubular nephritis.- H. Renal tuberculosis.- I. Remarks on pathology.- II. Roentgen examination.- 1. Plain roentgenography.- 2. Pyelography and urography.- a) Ureteric changes.- b) Excretion of contrast medium during urography.- c) Renal angiography.- 3. Differential diagnosis.- 4. Follow-up examinations.- III. General considerations on examination methods in renal tuberculosis.- J. Renal, pelvic and ureteric tumours.- I. Kidney tumours.- 1. Renal carcinoma.- a) Plain roentgenography.- b) Urography and pyelography.- c) Incidence of renal pelvic deformity.- d) Renal angiography.- e) Phlebography.- f) The growth of renal carcinoma.- g) Multiple tumours.- 2. Malignant renal tumours in children.- a) Plain roentgenography.- b) Urography and pyelography.- c) Renal angiography.- 3. Benign renal tumours.- 4. Differential diagnosis of a space-occupying renal lesion.- a) Plain roentgenography.- b) Pyelography and urography.- c) Puncture.- d) Renal angiography.- e) Metastasis.- II. Tumours of the renal pelvis and the ureter.- 1. Tumours of the renal pelvis.- Urography and pyelography.- 2. Tumours of the ureter.- K. Renal