Economic analysis of direct and indirect cost in diabetes mellitus

This book explores the economic burden of diabetes mellitus by systematically analyzing both direct and indirect costs incurred by patients before and after a structured educational intervention, with a focus on how improved health literacy and self-management influence healthcare utilization and productivity. It examines direct costs such as medications, hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and laboratory investigations, along with indirect costs including loss of wages, reduced work efficiency, caregiver burden, and long-term disability. Using real-world clinical and economic data, particularly from low- and middle-income settings where out-of-pocket expenditure is high, the book demonstrates how targeted educational interventions covering lifestyle modification, treatment adherence, glucose monitoring, and complication prevention can significantly reduce overall costs without compromising clinical outcomes. By integrating principles of health economics, public health, and clinical diabetology, the book provides evidence that patient education is a cost-effective and sustainable strategy for diabetes management.