This book has been rewritten to match more closely the emphasis on the structure/properties/performance interplay that is developing in all aspects of technical materials -- both in universities and in industry. The book's new organization emphasizes the generic nature of engineering materials in phenomenon and function and acknowledges traditional classes of materials in the process. Coverage of frontier areas have been added including: toughened ceramics, new polymers, high-temperature superconductors, superhard magnets, and other fiber-optic glasses.
No course in science or engineering may remain static. Not only does technology advance and scientific understanding increase, the academic framework undergoes changes. Thus, periodic revisions are desirable in an effort to optimize the value of a textbook for students who will be tomorrow's engineers.
Developments such as the high-temperature superconductors are exciting, and the scientific data such as that obtained from tunneling electron microscopes provide new insights. During the last decade, however, the evolving structure of the academic environment probably has had a more direct impact on introductory materials courses within the engineering curricula. Whereas academic departments will continue to have specialists in ceramics, in polymers, as well as to hybrid composites. Likewise, graduate students working with polyblends give cognizance to phase immiscibilities and to the microstructure/property relationships utilized by ceramists and metallurgists. Particulate processing is no longer restricted to ceramics, nor are engineering designs using magnets limited to metallic materials.
In view of these changes, the majority of the current generation of instructors can easily extend the topics of crystals from single-component metals to binary ceramic compounds, and even introduce simple molecular crystals when they tech an introductory materials course. Likewise, although reaction rates may differ, the same principles hold for the phase relationships of ceramics and polymers as they do for metals. Today's instructor easily handles these topics generically for the several types of materials.
The major modification to this edition has been in the attention to the commonality found within the materials field, in which structures and properties are considered generically for all materials rather than categorically by material classes--metals, polymers, ceramics, and semiconducters. The three photos present on the cover and chapters this sixth edition are symbolic of this generic view; each chosen to pictorially demonstrate the connection between structure, properties, and performance. Overview
Chapter 1 remains as an introduction to the topic of materials, since undergraduate students generally relate to their product without giving thought to the materials within them. Chapter 2 reviews the necessary chemistry from the students' previous general chemistry courses, but in doing so extends the topics of bonding and atomic coordination. The topics of Chapters 3, 4, and 5 are common to all materials--crystal structure, disorder in solids, and phase relationships, respectively. Included for the first time in Chapter 5 are several molecular phase diagrams, chosen to emphasize immiscibility, which is pertinent to the more recently developed polyblends.
Chapter 6 combines and extends the subject of reaction rates, while Chapter 7 does the same for an introduction to microstructure. Although the three principal classes of materials have distinct differences with respect to these two topics, the bases of the differences are instructive to the subject; for example, the crystallization rates of metallic, silicate, and polymeric materials.
Chapters 8, 9, and 10 focus on the mechanical behavior of solids. In sequence, they consider deformation, strengthening, and the characteristics of polymers and composites. Chapters 11, 12, and 13 look at the electromagnetic behavior of solids--conductivity, magnetic, and the dielectric and optical, respectively. These six chapters are written to give the instructor options regarding the topics to be selected, depending on the available time and curricular requirements.
The final chapter (14) addresses performance in service, particularly for severe conditions in which corrosion, fatigue, heat, or radiation may alter the structure and hence the properties of materials. Pedagogy
Teaching aids within the text include not only the Summary at the end of each chapter, but also nearly 175 Examples in which a procedure is outlined before the calculations are made. Wherever appropriate, followup comments supplement the calculations. Practice Problems at the end of each chapter offer a trial run for the student, and answers to these several hundred problems are available at the end of the text. A new end-of-chapter feature is the inclusion of Test Problems. Of the nearly 400 such problems throughout the book, the majority either are new to the text or are significantly modified from those in previous editions. More than 400 Terms and Concepts are defined in a glossary. Supplementary Material
A study Guide that accompanies the text is available for students' use with this edition. It provides both a means for self-instruction when desired, or facilitates self-help for a lagging student. The Study Guide contains Quiz Samples (and their answers) as well as expanded solutions to the Practice Problems of the text. Also included are the more widely used study sets that appeared in Study Aids for Introductory Materials Courses. These visual aids, revised as necessary, have proven their merit in previous years in not having to delay class progress for those individuals who are not immediately clear on crystal structures, phase diagrams, diffusion, or other basic concepts. Acknowledgments
It is with regret that I can not cite each and every individual who has contributed to the updating of this text. The list would include literally hundreds of students at The University of Michigan who have given feedback on assigned topics and study problems. The critical comments and suggestions of my academic colleagues in Ann Arbor have been most welcome and helpful. Likewise, academic associates in other materials science and engineering departments deserve recognition for both letters and personal discussions in regard to content and possible improvements.
The role of Professors Morris Cohen (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Richard Porter (North Carolina State), and Ronald Gibala (University of Michigan) should be specifically acknowledged. Each critiqued the contents of this new edition in detail and provided an assurance of appropriateness of the changes. On the publishing side, I want to thank Don Fowley, Bette Aaronson, and all of the Addison-Wesley personnel for their attention to the multitude of editing and production details that lead to a quality product.
Finally, and most importantly, none of the revision efforts would have been possible without my wife Fran's patience and tolerance during recent months.
Ann Arbor, Michigan
L.H.V.V.
