Ethics

This part deals with meta-ethics. Here we will see that ethics is not non-cognitive, not a priori transcendental, not subjective, and not ethical judgments are some kind of objective natural propositions and it is possible to have empirical scientific moral and spiritual knowledge. No moral concept is a simple concept and the concepts of morally good action and morally bad action are the most fundamental ethical concepts.
(A) PLEASURE, DISPLEASURE AND HAPPINESS
We will see in the course of the following discussions that the concepts of pleasure and displeasure are involved in the concept of value. Hence clarity about the concepts of pleasure and displeasure is required for acquiring clarity about the concepts of various kinds of values.
Throughout this work the expression "pleasure" is used in the sense in which not only various kinds of sensuous enjoyments but also the feelings of satisfaction, happiness, joy, bliss, etc., are cases of pleasure, and the expression "displeasure" is used in the sense in which not only physical sufferings such as feelings of hunger, thirst,pain, ache, etc., but also psychological sufferings such as feelings of frustration, sadness, despair, worry, anger, fear, etc., are cases of
displeasure. Some utilitarians have explicitly used "pleasure" and "displeasure" in this wider sense. For example, J .S. Mill has explicitly used the expressions "pleasure" and "displeasure" in the above sense in his Utilitarianism.