The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a major pest in maize, causing significant yield losses and damaging various plant parts globally. The pest's ability to attack over 350 plant species makes it a formidable threat. Traditional chemical control methods, including insecticide use, have proven ineffective and are associated with resistance and environmental pollution. As a result, there is growing interest in alternative management strategies, including the role of plant nutrition and endophytes. Nutrients, both macro and micronutrients, influence a maize plant's resistance to pests, as balanced fertilization can enhance the plant's natural defense mechanisms. Additionally, endophytes—microorganisms residing within plant tissues—can boost resistance by triggering defense responses, such as the production of phytoalexins and defensive hormones like jasmonic acid. These microbial allies can also attract natural predators of the fall armyworm, aiding in pest control. Thus, understanding the impact of fall armyworm and exploring the nutritional and microbial factors contributing to maize resistance is crucial for developing sustainable pest management strategies.

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