Fault Analysis in Cryptography

In the 1970s researchers noticed that radioactive particles produced by elements naturally present in packaging material could cause bits to flip in sensitive areas of electronic chips. Research into the effect of cosmic rays on semiconductors, an area of particular interest in the aerospace industry, led to methods of hardening electronic devices designed for harsh environments. Ultimately various mechanisms for fault creation and propagation were discovered, and in particular it was noted that many cryptographic algorithms succumb to so-called fault attacks.

Preventing fault attacks without sacrificing performance is nontrivial and this is the subject of this book. Part I deals with side-channel analysis and its relevance to fault attacks. The chapters in Part II cover fault analysis in secret key cryptography, with chapters on block ciphers, fault analysis of DES and AES, countermeasures for symmetric-key ciphers, and countermeasures against attacks on AES. Part III deals with fault analysis in public key cryptography, with chapters dedicated to classical RSA and RSA-CRT implementations, elliptic curve cryptosystems and countermeasures using fault detection, devices resilient to fault injection attacks, lattice-based fault attacks on signatures, and fault attacks on pairing-based cryptography. Part IV examines fault attacks on stream ciphers and how faults interact with countermeasures used to prevent power analysis attacks. Finally, Part V contains chapters that explain how fault attacks are implemented, with chapters on fault injection technologies for microprocessors, and fault injection and key retrieval experiments on a widely used evaluation board.

This is the first book on this topic and will be of interest to researchers and practitioners engaged with cryptographic engineering.

Dr. Marc Joye gained a Habilitation (HDR) degree in Computer Science from the Université de Toulouse II in 2003; from 1999 to 2006, he worked in the Card Security Group of Gemplus (now Gemalto), and he has been a member of the Security & Content Protection Labs of Technicolor since 2006; he has published over 100 scientific articles on many aspects of cryptology, including side-channel attacks and fault attacks. Dr. Mike Tunstall is a researcher in the Bristol Cryptography Group at the University of Bristol; his research interests include smart card security, secure embedded software design; fault-based differential cryptanalysis, fault attacks, and side-channel analysis.