The Four Competitive Business Drivers: Theory + Model + Strategy + Tactics

WINNER OF THE 2026 INTERNATIONAL IMPACT BOOK AWARDS for Outstanding Literacy Achievement!

Sometimes management books achieve a clear-cut distinction between strategy and tactics.

Seldom they include the business model as a third competitiveness driver.

And never so far, has the theory of business been considered as a fourth required performance vector, different from all other three.

However, organizational optimization requires all four: the why, where, what and how.

The theory of business (Drucker) is the why the company makes sense. The reality assumptions the organization is grounded upon. What it is paid for.

The business model (Porter) is the what: the basic pillars of a firm’s organization. How it transforms client satisfaction into value for itself.

Strategy (Joffre) is the where: the choice of 1) geographical areas; 2) industries; and 3) (within them of) segments.

And tactics is the how, respecting to the nine functional areas from marketing (Kotler) to human resources; to how to advertise; how to motivate; etc.

Four inferences follow:

1. All four drivers are necessary conditions, none sufficient;
2. They interrelate, some impacting on others;
3. They must fit reinforcing each other; and
4. They should be periodically reviewed (under a sequence of steps).

This is illustrated by the book’s detailed examples of e.g. Nike, Dollar Shave Club, Spotify, SpaceX, Vendôme, Sears, IBM, Apple Music, McDonald’s, Marks & Spencer, Canva, SolarCity, Farfetch, etc.

The fundamental message is that neglect of any of the four drivers brings efficiency (doing things right – the Phronesis of Aristotle) at the cost of lower effectiveness (doing the right things – the Chokhmah of Solomon).

With more and more resources producing less and less, underperformance will follow.

Jorge Sá, PhD, Columbia University, Jean Monnet Chair, is an expert on P. Drucker and P. Kotler, founders of modern management and marketing, who recommended his books published in twelve languages. His hobbies are soccer (he holds a professional degree as coach), and travel (speaking fluently English, French, German, Portuguese and Spanish).

Magda Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Management by ISEG School of Economics & Management and she is the general manager at Vasconcellos e Sá Associates. Magda has co-authored books with Professor Jorge Sá and has also managed many consultancy projects for Vasconcellos e Sá Associates.