GIS: A Computing Perspective, Second Edition, provides a full, up-to-date overview of the state-of-the-art in GIS, both Geographic Information Systems and the study of these systems-Geographic Information Science. Analyzing the subject from a computing perspective, the second edition explores conceptual and formal models needed to understand spatial information, and examines the representations and data structures needed to support adequate system performance. This volume also covers the special-purpose interfaces and architectures required to interact with and share spatial information, and explains the importance of uncertainty and time in spatial information.