Gall, Spurzheim, and the Phrenological Movement

During the 1790s in Vienna, German physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) came forth with a new doctrine dealing with mind, brain and behavior―one that could account for individual differences. He maintained that there are many independent faculties of mind, each associated with a separate part of the brain. He fine-tuned his ideas and published two sets of books presenting them after he and his assistant, Johann Gaspar Spurzheim, settled in Paris in 1807.

Gall's ideas had many supporters but were controversial and unsettling to others. In particular, the opposition ridiculed his belief that skull features reflect the growth of specific, underlying cortical organs, and hence correlate with personality traits (i.e., his ‘bumpology’). Gall’s fundamental ideas about the mind and organization of the brain were debated across the globe, and they also began to be exploited by unscrupulous businessmen, ‘professors’ who ‘read skulls’ for a living. But, as some historians have shown, his ideas about mind, brain and behavior led to the modern neurosciences.

The chapters collected in this volume provide new insights into Gall’s thinking and what Spurzheim did, and the faddish movement called ‘phrenology’, which originated as a science of humankind but became a popular source of entertainment. All chapters were originally published in various issues of the Journal of the History of the Neurosciences.

Paul Eling is Associate Professor Emeritus at the Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. He published on a wide variety of topics in the field of cognitive neuropsychology and various textbooks. He is an Editor for the Journal of the History of the Neurosciences.

Stanley Finger is Professor Emeritus at Washington University. He has published more than 250 articles and 20 books, including Franz Joseph Gall: Naturalist of the Mind, Visionary of the Brain (with Paul Eling in 2019). He was also an Editor for the Journal of the History of the Neurosciences.