Genetics in Orthodontics: A Comprehensive Guide to Genetic Factors in Craniofacial Biology, Malocclusion, and Personalized Orthodontics

Study reviews the genetic basis of craniofacial development, malocclusion, dental anomalies, and orthodontic biology. It explains how chromosomes, genes, SNPs, neural crest cells, and homeobox genes regulate the formation of craniofacial structures and teeth. The document details molecular pathways, growth factors, cytokines, and signaling mechanisms involved in bone remodeling and tooth movement. It also outlines genetic contributions to conditions such as hypodontia, cleft lip and palate, craniosynostosis, and Class III malocclusion. The thesis compiles extensive evidence on hereditary influences, gene–environment interactions, and the role of transcription factors in craniofacial patterning. Overall, it emphasizes that understanding genetics is essential for diagnosing dentofacial disorders, predicting treatment outcomes, and improving orthodontic planning.