HPLC: A Practical Guide
Language: English
Published by Royal Society of Chemistry, 1999
- Hardcover
- New
Seller: moluna, Greven, Germanymoluna
AbeBooks seller since July 9, 2020
Condition: New
US$ 104.01
Quantity: Over 20 available
Add to basketItem description from seller
Divided into six chapters, this guide covers basic concepts of HPLC instrumentation stationary phase materials eluents column efficiency and the influence of physical chemistry on separations.InhaltsverzeichnisFront matter Pref.
Seller Inventory # 595098200
- Title
- HPLC: A Practical Guide
- Author
- Hanai, Toshihiko T.
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry
- Publication year
- 1999
- Condition
- New
- Binding
- Hardcover
- Language
- English
- ISBN 10
- 0854045155
- ISBN 13
- 9780854045150
How can these compounds be separated? Why was that method used? These are the two basic questions often asked by students of chromatography. HPLC: A Practical Guide provides the answers, enabling the reader to grasp the concepts of the technique using simple, representative chromatograms. Divided into six chapters, this practical guide covers basic concepts of HPLC; instrumentation; stationary phase materials; eluents; column efficiency; and the influence of physical chemistry on separations. Focusing on the basic considerations such as selection of stationary phase and eluent, rather than specific applications, sections on troubleshooting are also included. Uniquely, the descriptions of chromatographic separations are based on solubility using molecular properties, and solubility parameters are used to analyse the selections of chromatographic mode and column. Presenting the chemistry of liquid chromatography for undergraduate students, this valuable practical guide will also be useful for laboratory staff in industry and academia.
"Synopsis" may belong to another edition of this title.
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
HPLC
A Practical Guide
By T. HanaiThe Royal Society of Chemistry
All rights reserved.
Contents
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of High-performance Liquid Chromatography, 1,
Chapter 2 Instrumentation, 11,
Chapter 3 Preparation, Testing, and Selectivity of Stationary Phase Materials, 31,
Chapter 4 Selection of the Eluent, 57,
Chapter 5 Separation Based on an Improved Column Efficiency, 96,
Chapter 6 Influence of Physical Chemistry on Separations in Liquid Chromatography, 109,
Subject Index, 133,
CHAPTER 1
Basic Concepts of High-performance Liquid Chromatography
The two basic questions in high-performance liquid chromatography focus on (a) how particular compounds can be separated, and (b) why particular compounds were separated by the liquid chromatographic method used. The answers can be obtained by the consideration of some simple representative chromatograms of the separation of well-known compounds. Such separations can be easily understood according to common principles of physics and chemistry.
A separation is described by the following equation, which indicates the degree of resolution between two peaks in a chromatogram, Rs. A complete separation requires Rs > 1.2 units.
Rs = 1/4(α - 1/α)[square root of N]
The resolution can be improved by increasing the column plate number, N, and/ or the separation factor, α(α = the ratio of the retention factors of the two compounds). N is the physical parameter and α is the chemical parameter for the separation. Higher N and α values give a better separation.
The physical and chemical aspects of liquid chromatography, in addition to mechanical aspects, are briefly described in this chapter. Theoretical approaches are explained in detail in later chapters. The effect of stationary phase materials on the chemical selectivity is described in Chapter 3, and the influence of the eluent components is covered in Chapter 4. The plate number theory is discussed in Chapter 5. Quantitative optimization is explained in Chapter 6.
1 Physical Parameters for High-speed Separations
It was thought that high-speed separations would be achieved by the development of a physically stable pumping system and highly sensitive detectors; however, the main contribution to high-speed separation is made by small-size stationary phase materials. A shorter separation time with complete resolution cannot be achieved simply by increasing the flow rate or by using a small column. The theoretical plate number of a small column must be the same as that of a larger column to obtain the same separation.
For example, the separation of a mixture of benzene, acetophenone, toluene, and naphthalene has been completed within 5.5 min using a 15 cm long, 4.6 mm i.d. column, packed with 10 µm porous octadecyl-bonded silica gel, whose theoretical plate number was 38 000 m-1, as shown in Figure 1.1 A. Increasing the flow rate 4-fold reduced the separation time to 1.5 min, because this mixture was well separated (Figure 1.1B). The same mixture was separated within 4.5 min using a 10 cm long, 4.6 mm i.d. column packed with 3 µm octadecyl-bonded porous silica gel with a theoretical plate number of 117 000 m-1 (Figure 1.1C). Doubling the flow rate resulted in completion of the separation within 2 min, as shown (Figure 1.1D).
Comparison of these four chromatograms suggests that a fast separation can be performed either using a longer column with 10 µm stationary phase material with a high flow rate of the eluent, to give high resolution, or by a smaller column packed with 3 µm stationary phase material. However, a high flow rate through the 3 µm stationary phase material is limited by a high column back pressure. The separation could also be completed within 1.2 min on the short column packed with 3 µm stationary phase material by using a stronger eluent, as shown in Figure 1.2. Furthermore, the sensitivity was also improved by using the smaller-size stationary phase material because the sample is less spread out in the eluent and is more concentrated when it reaches the detector. The actual peak height in Figure 1.1C is 1.6 times that in Figure 1.1 A. A small column packed with small particle-size stationary phase materials promises high performance and a high-speed separation both in theory and in practice. The following equation describes the relationship of the column length (L) to the column efficiency: N = L/H. The high plate number N required for good separation is proportional to the longer column length L and small H value. The term H is the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP), which is the length of column needed to generate one theoretical plate. A good column has a high plate number for its length, and, thus, a good column has a low H value. The value of H can also be described by the following equation (which is described in detail in Chapter 5):
[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]
This equation indicates that the particle size, dp, is the main contributor to the H value. The smaller the particles, the higher the theoretical plate number. The optimum condition is obtained by the relationship between the theoretical plate height and the flow velocity.
2 Physical Considerations
High-speed separations can be achieved with a short column packed with 3 µm stationary phase material, as shown in Figure 1.2. The sensitivity was also improved by the use of smaller-size stationary phase materials, due to less sample diffusion inside the column. The following conditions are required to obtain such a separation.
a. small-diameter, spherical stationary phase materials that have high physical strength;
b. a high pressure pump with controlled flow rate;
c. a system that limits sample diffusion, by considering the column design, using small inner diameter connecting tubing, and a small volume detector flow cell; and
d. a detector and recorder capable of a high-speed response.
The theoretical plate number N of peak B can be calculated from the chromatogram given in Figure 1.3 by the following equation:
N = 16(VR/w)2
where VR is the retention volume and w is the peak width at the base (measured in volume units). However, the retention volume includes the hold-up volume VM (also called dead volume). The hold-up volume is the sum of the void volume of the column (V0 = YA), the volume of the injector (OX) and the volume of the detector and connecting tubing (XY) as shown in Figure 1.3. The actual separation efficiency is defined as the effective theoretical plate number Neff, which excludes the hold-up volume:
Neff = 16(VR - VM/w)2
Commercial instruments have a reasonable balance between the recommended column size and the volume of the column and connecting tubing (XY). However, the theoretical plate number of a single column may give different values on different instruments, and even on replacement of the components and parts of a single instrument. Such discrepancies can be understood in terms of differences in the mechanics of the instruments and the design of their parts.
The normally acceptable extra-column dead volume (OY in Figure 1.3) before there is a significant effect on the efficiency of a 15 cm long, 4.6 mm i.d. column should be less than 100 µl. This volume has to be reduced to less than 30 µl for a 5 cm long, 4.6 mm i.d. column. Replacement of the connecting tubing with shorter lengths of narrow-bore tubing and the selection of a smaller volume detector flow cell are necessary when using a shorter or narrower column. These changes together with a smaller column enable reductions in the volume of eluent required and in the separation time. This approach is economical and environmentally friendly. However, the reduced hold-up volume becomes technically very critical in the handling of smaller columns. Details of the basic mechanisms and the design of instrumentation are described in Chapter 2, which also covers the similarities and differences of various instruments.
3 Chemical Influences on the Separation Factor
One column can be used for different types of liquid chromatography by changing the eluent components. As an example, a column packed with octadecyl-bonded silica gel has been used for size-exclusion liquid chromatography with tetrahydrofuran (THF), normal-phase liquid chromatography with n-hexane, and reversed-phase liquid chromatography with aqueous acetonitrile. Examples of the chromatograms are shown in Figure 1.4.
The elution volumes of polystyrene and benzene in the size-exclusion mode were 0.98 and 1.78 ml, respectively (Figure 1.4A). This means that separations by molecular size can be achieved between 0.98 and 1.78 ml in this system. In the normal phase mode the elution volumes of octylbenzene and benzene were 1.98 and 2.08 ml, respectively, in n-hexane solution (Figure 1.4B). This type of chromatography is called adsorption or non-aqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography. These are adsorption liquid chromatography and non-aqueous reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The elution order of the alkylbenzenes in the reversed-phase mode using acetonitrile was reversed (Figure 1.4C). The elution volumes of benzene and butylbenzene were 2.01 and 2.52 ml, respectively. The elution volumes became larger with the addition of water to the acetonitrile eluent. In each case the elution orders are based on the solubility of the solutes (except in size-exclusion liquid chromatography).
When separation cannot be achieved by improving the theoretical plate number of a column, it may be achieved by the selection of an appropriate stationary phase material and/or eluent. The degree of separation, the separation factor α, is the difference in retention volumes of analytes. The separation factor of two compounds is given by:
α = VR2 - VM/VR1 - VM
where VR2i.e. an increase in the difference in retention volumes, can be achieved by using a different stationary phase material and/or eluent. Details of the selection of stationary phase materials and eluent are described in Chapters 3 and 4.
4 Basic Considerations of Liquid Chromatography
Identifying the most suitable separation conditions is the main objective of separation scientists. It is easier for skilled chromatographers, but this is a complicated subject for beginners. One approach is to find a chromatogram that exhibits the separation of a similar mixture. However, similar mixtures may have been separated under very different conditions; either the separation columns and/or the components of the eluent may have been different. Furthermore, the elution order is sometimes reversed. When an appropriate chromatogram is found in the literature, the conditions may need to be modified to take into account the other compounds in the mixture, any necessity for sample pre-treatment and the purpose of the separation. The chromatographer should be familiar with the capabilities and requirements of the following methods.
a. Pre-treatment of samples, stationary phase materials, and elution solvents;
b. Separations based on molecular size;
(i) aqueous size-exclusion liquid chromatography;
(ii) non-aqueous size-exclusion liquid chromatography;
c. Normal-phase liquid chromatography;
d. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography;
e. Ion-exchange liquid chromatography;
f. Ion-pair liquid chromatography;
g. Chiral separation and affinity liquid chromatography.
Choosing the sample pre-treatment method is difficult. The most important consideration is the final condition of the target compounds. What kind of solution is obtained? The type of solvent and the concentration of the target compounds are very important in the selection of the separation conditions.
The pre-treatment of stationary phase materials is also important for silica gel and ion-exchangers, even when a new column is being used. Pre-treatment of the elution solvent is also important. High-performance liquid chromatography grade solvents from different manufacturers contain different amounts of impurities. The purity of the water is especially critical. The specified solvent for a special preparation stage is often not compatible with the desired chromatography. A large amount of such a solvent should first be injected, followed by measurement of the background of the chromatogram.
How are analytes retained on, or in, a stationary phase? This depends on the physicochemical interaction between the analytes and the stationary phase material. When a strong solvent, in which the solute readily dissolves, is used for elution the solute is eluted very quickly from the column. The forces holding an analyte on the stationary phase are similar to those responsible for dissolution in the solvent. Eight solubility properties are recognized: van der Waals (London dispersion) forces, dipole–dipole, ion–dipole, Coulombic and repulsion forces, charge-transfer complexation, and hydrogen-bonding and coordination bonds. The molecular interactions that are probably involved in retention in liquid chromatography can be explained by these interaction properties and are summarized in Table 1.1. The retention of a particular molecule is not due to only one property, but rather to a combination of several properties. The probable interactions can be estimated from the chemical structure of the analytes and stationary phase materials.
The separation conditions employed for size-exclusion liquid chromatography are simple. A strong solvent for analytes and a suitable stationary phase material are necessary. If the impurities have high relative molecular masses (Mr), size-exclusion chromatography can be used effectively. Size-exclusion liquid chromatography in conjunction with a recycling system can also separate isomers; however, it is time-consuming and the columns are usually expensive. If a mixture of molecules with a Mr, of less than 2000 has to be separated and a recycling method seems to be insufficient for the separation, the following chromatographic technique can be carried out. If the sample concentration is large enough for chromatographic analysis, the eluted solution obtained by a size-exclusion chromatographic pre-treatment can be directly injected onto a liquid chromatograph using a syringe, after membrane filtration. If a good combination of stationary phase material and solvent cannot be found, then methods c–g in the above list are applied.
In reversed-phase liquid chromatography, increasing the molecular size increases the hydrophobicity of solutes and results in a greater retention volume. This indicates that the van der Waals volume is an important property in optimization. Increasing the number of substituents with π-electrons and hydrogen bonding increases the solubility in water, that is they increase the polarity of the solutes. This indicates that dipole–dipole and hydrogen-bonding interactions contribute to hydrophobicity. Therefore, these properties are important in controlling the retention volume in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. However, the π-electrons of stationary phase materials such as polystyrene gel and the hydrogen-bonding of non-endcapped bonded silica gels also contribute to the retention.
Many compounds can be analysed by methods c or d, and sometimes both methods c and d are employed. For a preparative-scale separation, method c (normal-phase chromatography) is suitable due to the easy removal of solvent. Identifying the best separation conditions for ion-exchange liquid chromatography (method e) is a little more difficult. Therefore, if the compounds can be separated using methods c or d, these methods should be used. Even saccharides, organic acids, and nucleic acids are often separated by methods c and d. The separation speed in ion-exchange liquid chromatography is also slower than that in normal and reversed-phase liquid chromatography.
Affinity liquid chromatography and chiral separations (enantiomer separations) require similar analyte properties. The solutes may have interactions through hydrogen-bonding, ligand formation, or Coulombic forces with the surface of stationary phase materials or the sites of additives; however, the selectivity is controlled by the steric effects of the structures of the analyte molecules and the recognition molecules (chiral selectors).
The physical and chemical properties of stationary phase materials are described in Chapter 3 (including methods for their synthesis) to clarify the differences in similar stationary phase materials supplied from different manufacturers. A detailed selection guide to solvents is given in Chapter 4. The unlimited selection of eluent components and their concentrations is a powerful force in developing separations in liquid chromatography. Although this area seems rather complicated, it is easy to understand the selection of a suitable eluent when you first identify the molecular properties of the analytes and solvents.
(Continues...)
Excerpted from HPLC by T. Hanai. Copyright © 1999 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Excerpted by permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.
All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.
Excerpts are provided by Dial-A-Book Inc. solely for the personal use of visitors to this web site.
"About the title" may belong to another edition of this title.
Shipping rates from Germany to U.S.A.
| Item | 26 to 60 business days | 26 to 60 business days |
|---|---|---|
| First item | US$ 55.80 | US$ 55.80 |
Payment methods
- Bank Wire Transfer
- Check
- Paypal
Store description
Online Handel nur mit Neubüchern
Seller's business information
Moluna GmbH
Engberdingdamm 27
Greven, Germany 48268
Terms of sale
Instructions for revocation/
Standard Business Terms and customer information/ data protection declaration
Revocation right for consumers
(A ‘consumer’ is any natural person who concludes a legal transaction which, to an overwhelming extent, cannot be attributed to either his commercial or independent professional activities.)
Instructions for revocation
Revocation right
You have the right to revoke this contract within one month without specifying any reasons.
The revocation period is one month with effect from the day,
-
on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the products, provided you had ordered one or more products within the scope of a standard order and this/these product/products is/are delivered uniformly;
-
on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the last product, provided you had ordered several products within the scope of a standard order and these products are delivered separately;
-
on which you or a third party nominated by you, which is not the carrier, had taken possession of the last part delivery or the last unit, provided you had ordered a product, which is delivered in several part deliveries or units;
In order to exercise your revocation right, you must inform us (Moluna GmbH, Engberdingdamm 27, 48268 Greven, Telephone number: 02571/5 69 89 33, Fax number: 02571/5 69 89 30, E-Mail address: abe@moluna.de) of your decision to revoke this contract by means of a clear declaration (e.g. a letter sent via post, fax or email). You can use the enclosed specimen revocation form for this, which however is not mandatory.
In order to safeguard the revocation period, it is sufficient that you send the notification about the exercise of the revocation right before the expiry of the revocation period.
Consequences of the revocation
If you revoke this contract, we shall repay all the payments, which we received from you, including the delivery costs (with the exception of additional costs, which arise from that fact that you selected a form of delivery other than the most reasonable standard delivery offered by us), immediately and at the latest within 14 days from the day on which we received the notification about the revocation of this contract from you. We use the same means of payment, which you had originally used during the original transaction, for this repayment unless expressly agreed otherwise with you; you will not be charged any fees owing to this repayment.
We can refuse the repayment until the products are returned to us or until you have furnished evidence that you have sent the products back to us, depending on whichever is earlier.
You must return or transfer the products to us immediately and, in any case, at the latest within 14 days with effect from the day on which you inform us of the revocation of this contract. The deadline is maintained if you send the products before the expiry of the 14 day deadline.
You bear the direct costs for returning the products.
You must pay for any depreciation of the products only if this depreciation can be attributed to any handling with you that was not necessary for checking the condition, features and functionality of the products.
Criteria for exclusion or expiry
The revocation right is not available for contracts
for delivery of products, which are not prefabricated and for whose manufacturing an individual selection or stipulation by the consumer is important or which are clearly tailored to the personal requirements of the consumer;
for delivery of products, which can spoil quickly or whose use-by date would be exceeded quickly;
for delivery of alcoholic drinks, whose price was agreed at the time of concluding the contract, which however can be delivered 30 days after the conclusion of the contract at the earliest and whose current value depends on the fluctuations in the market, on which the entrepreneur has no influence;
for delivery of newspapers, periodicals or magazines with the exception of subscription contracts.
The revocation right expires prematurely in case of contracts
for delivery of sealed products, which are not suitable for return for reasons of health protection or hygiene if their seal has been removed after the delivery;
for delivery of products if they have been mixed inseparably with other goods after the delivery, owing to their condition;
for delivery of sound or video recording or computer software in a sealed package if the seal has been removed after the delivery.
Specimen - revocation form
(If you wish to revoke the contract, please fill up this form and send it back to us.)
-
To Moluna GmbH, Münsterstr. 105, 48268 Greven, Fax number: 02571/5 69 89 30, Email address: abe@moluna.de :
-
I/we () herewith revoke the contract concluded by me/ us () regarding the purchase of the following products ()/
the provision of the following service () -
Ordered on ()/ received on ()
-
Name of the consumer(s)
-
Address of the consumer(s)
-
Signature of the consumer(s) (only in case of a notification on paper)
-
Date
(*) Cross out the incorrect option.
Standard Business Terms and customer information / data protection declaration
I. Standard business terms
§ 1 Basic provisions
(1) The following terms and conditions of business apply for all contracts concluded with us as the supplier (Moluna GmbH) via the websites AbeBooks and/or ZVAB. Unless otherwise agreed, the inclusion of your own terms and conditions is explicitly rejected.
(2) A ‘consumer’ in the sense of the following regulations is every natural person who concludes a legal transaction which, to an overwhelming extent, cannot be attributed to either his commercial or independent professional activities. The term ‘businessman’ refers to every natural person, legal person or legally responsible partnership that concludes a legal transaction in pursuance of his/its independent professional or commercial activity.
§ 2 Conclusion of the contract
(1) The subject-matter of the contract is the selling of products .
(2) If an article is placed by us with AbeBooks or ZVAB, the activation of the page on AbeBooks or ZVAB shall involve the binding offer to conclude a contract under the terms and conditions contained in the article page.
(3) The contract shall become effective via the online shopping cart system as follows:
The products intended for purchase are moved to the "shopping cart". You can select the "Shopping Cart" using the appropriate buttons on the navigation bar and make changes there at any time.
After calling up the “Checkout” page and entering the required personal data and payment and shipping conditions, all order information is then displayed again on the order summary page.
Before submitting the order, you have the ability once more to review or change any information here (you may also use the "back" button on the Internet browser), or to cancel the purchase.
By clicking the “Buy now” button to submit the order, you declare your legally binding acceptance of the order which makes the contract effective.
(4) The execution of the order and the sending of all the details necessitated by the conclusion of the contract take place via e-mail, in a partially-automated manner. Consequently, you have to ensure that the e-mail address that you have deposited with us is the correct one, and that the receipt of the respective e-mails is guaranteed. In particular, you have to ensure that the respective e-mails are not blocked by a SPAM filter.
§ 3 Right of retention, reservation of proprietary rights
(1) You can only exercise a right of retention if the situation in question involves claims arising from the same contractual relationship.
(2) The goods remain our property until the purchase price is paid in full.
(3) If you are a businessman, the following conditions also apply:
a) We retain ownership of the goods until all the claims arising from the ongoing business relationship have been settled in full. The goods subject to retention of title may not be pledged or transferred by way of security before ownership of the said goods changes hands.
b) You can re-sell the goods within the framework of an orderly transaction. In this regard, you hereby cede all the claims amounting to the magnitude of the billing amount that accrue to you as a result of the re-selling operation to us, and we accept the cession. Furthermore, you are authorised to collect the claim in question. However, insofar as you do not discharge your payment obligations in an orderly fashion, we reserve the right to collect the claim ourselves.
c) In a situation involving the combination and amalgamation of the goods subject to retention of title, we acquire co-ownership of the newly-formed item. This co-ownership corresponds to the ratio that exists between the invoice value of the goods subject to retention of title and the other processed items at the time of processing.
d) If you make a request of this nature, we shall be obligated to release the securities that are due to us, to the extent that the realisable value of our securities exceeds the claim to be secured by more than 10%. We are responsible for selecting the securities to be released.
§ 4 Warranty
(1) The statutory warranty rights are applicable.
(2) As a consumer, you are requested to promptly check the product for completeness, visible defects and transport damage as soon as it is delivered, and promptly disclose your complaints to us and the shipping company in writing. Even if you do not comply with this request, it shall have no effect on your legal warranty claims.
(3) If a characteristic of the goods deviates from the objective requirements, the deviation shall only be deemed to be agreed if you were informed of the same by us before submitting the contractual declaration and the deviation was expressly and separately agreed between the contracting parties.
(4)
Insofar as you are an entrepreneur, the following shall apply in deviation from the above warranty provisions:
a) Only our own specifications and the manufacturer's product description shall be deemed agreed as the quality of the goods, but not other advertising, public promotions and statements by the manufacturer.
b) In the event of defects, we shall, at our discretion, provide warranty by rectification of the defect or subsequent delivery. If the rectification of defects fails, you may, at your option, demand a reduction in price or withdraw from the contract. The rectification of defects shall be deemed to have failed after a second unsuccessful attempt, unless the nature of the goods or the defect or other circumstances indicate otherwise. In the event of rectification of defects, we shall not be obliged to bear the increased costs arising from the transport of the goods to a place other than the place of performance, unless such transport is in accordance with the intended use of the goods.
c) The warranty period shall be one year from delivery of the goods. The shortening of the period shall not apply
- for culpable damage attributable to us arising from injury to life, limb or health and for other damage caused intentionally or by gross negligence;
- insofar as we have fraudulently concealed the defect or have assumed a guarantee for the quality of the item;
- in the case of items which have been used for a building in accordance with their customary use and have caused its defectiveness;
- in the case of statutory rights of recourse that you may assert against us in connection with rights arising from defects.
§ 5 Choice of law, place of fulfilment, jurisdiction
(1) German law shall apply. This choice of law only applies to customers if it does not result in the revocation of the protection guaranteed by the mandatory provisions of the law of the country in which the respective customer’s usual place of residence is located (benefit-of-the-doubt principle).
(2) If you are not a consumer, but a businessman, a legal entity under public law or an institutional fund governed by public law, our place of business is the place of jurisdiction as well as the place of fulfilment for all services that follow from the business relationships that exist with us. The same condition applies to situations in which you are not associated with a general place of jurisdiction in Germany or the EU, as well as situations in which the place of residence or the usual place of residence is not known at the time of commencement of proceedings. This has no bearing on the capacity to call upon the court associated with another place of jurisdiction.
(3) The provisions of the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods are explicitly inapplicable.
II. Customer information
- Identity of the seller
Moluna GmbH
Engberdingdamm 27
48268 Greven
Germany
Telephone: 02571/5698933
E-Mail: abe@moluna.de
- Information regarding the conclusion of the contract
The technical steps associated with the conclusion of the contract, the contract conclusion itself and the correction options are executed in accordance to the regulations "conclusion of the contract" in our standard business terms (part I.).
- Contractual language, saving the text of the contract
3.1 Contract language shall be English.
3.2 The complete text of the contract is not saved with us. Before the order is sent, the contract data can be printed out or electronically saved using the browser’s print function. After the order is received by us, the order data, the legally-mandated details related to distance selling contracts and the standard business terms are re-sent to you via e-mail.
- Main features of the product or service
The key features of the goods and/or services can be found in the respective quote.
- Prices and payment arrangements
5.1 The prices mentioned in the respective offers represent total prices, as do the shipping costs. They include all the price components, including all the incidental taxes.
5.2 The dispatch costs that are incurred are not included in the purchase price. They can be viewed by clicking the appropriate button on our website or in the respective quote, are shown separately over the course of the order transaction and must additionally be borne by you, insofar as free delivery is not confirmed.
5.3 The payment methods that are available to you are shown by clicking the appropriate button on our website or are disclosed in the respective quote.
5.4 Unless otherwise specified for the respective payment methods, the payment claims arising from the contract that has been concluded become payable immediately.
- Delivery conditions
6.1 The delivery conditions, delivery date and existing supply restrictions, if applicable, can be found by clicking the appropriate button on our website or in the respective quote.
Unless a different period is specified in the item description or our delivery conditions, the goods are delivered within 3-5 days after the conclusion of the contract (in case an advance payment has been agreed upon, after the payment authorisation).
6.2 If you are a consumer, the following is statutorily regulated: The risk of the sold item accidentally being destroyed or degraded during shipping only passes over to you when the item in question is delivered, regardless of whether or not the shipping operation is insured. This condition does not apply if you have independently commissioned a transport company that has not been specified by us or a person who has otherwise been appointed to execute the shipping operation.
If you are a businessman, the delivery and shipping operations take place at your own risk.
- Statutory warranty right
Liability for defects is governed by the “Warranty” provisions in our General Terms and Conditions of Business (Part I).
last update: 01.01.2022
Data protection declaration
Unless stated otherwise below, the provision of your personal data is neither legally nor contractually obligatory, nor required for conclusion of a contract. You are not obliged to provide your data. Not providing it will have no consequences. This only applies as long as the processing procedures below do not state otherwise.
“Personal data” is any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person.
Responsible person
Contact us at any time. The contact details of the person responsible for data processing can be found in our legal notice.
Collection, processing, and transfer of personal data in orders
When you submit an order we only collect and use your personal data insofar as this is necessary for the fulfilment and handling of your order as well as processing of your queries. The provision of data is necessary for conclusion of a contract. Failure to provide it will prevent the conclusion of any contract. The processing will occur on the basis of Article 6(1) b) GDPR and is required for the fulfilment of a contract with you.
Your data is transferred here for example to the shipping companies and dropshipping providers, payment service providers, service providers for handling the order and IT service providers that you have selected. We will comply strictly with legal requirements in every case. The scope of data transmission is restricted to a minimum.
Duration of storage
After contractual processing has been completed, the data is initially stored for the duration of the warranty period, then in accordance with the retention periods prescribed by law, especially tax and commercial law, and then deleted after the period has elapsed, unless you have agreed to further processing and use.
Rights of the affected person
If the legal requirements are fulfilled, you have the following rights according to art. 15 to 20 GDPR: Right to information, correction, deletion, restriction of processing, data portability. You also have a right of objection against processing based on art. 6 (1) GDPR, and to processing for the purposes of direct marketing, according to art. 21 (1) GDPR.
Right to complain to the regulatory authority
You have the right to complain to the regulatory authority according to art. 77 GDPR if you believe that your data is not being processed legally.
Right to object
If the data processing outlined here is based on our legitimate interests in accordance with Article 6(1)f) GDPR, you have the right for reasons arising from your particular situation to object at any time to the processing of your data with future effect.
If the objection is successful, we will no longer process the personal data, unless we can demonstrate compelling legitimate grounds for the processing that outweigh your interests or rights and freedoms, or the processing is intended for the assertion, exercise or defence of legal claims.
last update: 10.01.2022