History Of The Process And Present State Of Animal Chemistry by W. B. Johnson presents a late-18th-century chemical encyclopedia-like survey of animal chemistry, with urine and excreta as a window into physiology, pathology, and industry. The text analyzes urine composition, noting disease-related changes such as diabetes with sweet urine detectable by nitrous- and acid-based tests, jaundice, and inflammatory states, and emphasizes azotous matter, especially urea, and its decomposition to ammonia, carbonic acid, and acetous acid. It details the salts formed with ammonium and soda, including phosphates, calcium phosphate, ammonia-magnesium phosphates, and various native and triple salts; discusses perlate salt and its association with phosphoric acid and soda; and notes minor degradation products like benzoic acids and trace fats or mucus extracts. It outlines analytical tests using acids to distinguish phosphates from oxalates, and shows how strong acids decompose urea. The work links urea chemistry to kidney function, nitrogen handling, health and disease, and to historical industrial uses of urine (nitrate, ammonia). The appendix broadens to excrements of other animals and cross-species comparisons. The overall aim is to illuminate metabolism through chemical analysis and show how excreta reveal physiology, disease, and practical applications.

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