Instrument Development for Atmospheric Research and Monitoring

Jens Bosenberg Max-Planck-Institut fur Meteorologie, Bundesstr. 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany TESLAS, which stands for Tropospheric Environmental Studies by Laser Sounding, was formed in November 1987 as a subproject of EUROTRAC to enhance the measurement capabilities for vertical profiling of ozone in the troposphere by means of laser remote sensing. For studies of several atmospheric processes related to the formation and redistribution of photo-oxidants there was a clear need for measuring extended time series with appropriate vertical and temporal resolution. These could not be obtained by conventional in situ techniques, at least not with affordable effort, so remote sensing appeared to be the best way to obtain the required information. At the beginning of the subproject, some Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) systems for measuring the vertical distribution of ozone already existed, but their use was restricted to very few laboratories and very few measurement campaigns, since the instruments were highly complex, rather unreliable, and required extensive efforts for maintenance and operation by skilled scientists. In addition, the accuracy of these measurements under a variety of meteorological conditions was not really well established. The main tasks within TESLAS therefore were to develop fully the DIAL-methodology for remote sensing of tropospheric ozone, and to develop instruments which are accurate, reliable, easy to operate, and suitable for field deployment or airborne operation.

Instrument Development for Atmospheric Research and Monitoring
Lidar Profiling, DOAS and Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy

The growth in our understanding of the production, transformation and loss of pollutants and trace substances in the atmosphere has followed closely the development of instrumentation for both insitu and remote measurements of the minute concentrations and fluxes of trace substances. In recent times the requirement has been for instruments which have a fast response, are chemically specific, and sensitive enough to detect small changes in concentrations at ppb and ppt levels. This book gives an account of three such techniques. Lidar measurements provide instantaneous vertical profiles of ozone, aerosols and other compounds in the troposphere. With differential optical absorption (DOAS), concentrations of a number of species including some free radicals can be measured simultaneously in real time. Tunable diode laser spectroscopy offers the possibility of measuring particular species with a high sensitivity and for making eddy correlation measuremements of their fluxes. Each technique is reviewed and then the results of a number of detailed studies are presented which give the trend of the current direction of research in this area. The book is Volume 8 of the series on Transport and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Troposphere.