Integrative Perspectives on Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Molecular Signals to Therapeutic Strategies

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by repetitive behaviors, restricted interests, and challenges in social communication. This book presents an integrated exploration of the mechanisms underlying ASD, highlighting interactions between the microbiome, environmental exposures, genetic determinants, and neuroinflammatory processes. It emphasizes the dynamic interplay of genes, immunity, and environment in shaping brain development and function. Chapters discuss the impact of oxidative stress, immune imbalance, gene mutations, and epigenetic regulation on neuronal connectivity. The influence of environmental risk factors—such as infections, toxins, and vitamin D deficiency—on behavioral and neural outcomes is examined. The microbiome–gut–brain axis is identified as a key mediator linking peripheral inflammation to central nervous system dysfunction. Therapeutic perspectives include behavioral interventions, music therapy, nutraceuticals, and microbiome-based approaches, with critical assessment of clinical evidence and methodological challenges.