After the conquest of Mexico, colonial authorities attempted to enforce Christian beliefs among indigenous peoples―a project they envisioned as spiritual warfare. The Invisible War assesses this immense but dislocated project by examining all known efforts in Central Mexico to obliterate native devotions of Mesoamerican origin between the 1530s and the late eighteenth century.
The author's innovative interpretation of these efforts is punctuated by three events: the creation of an Inquisition tribunal in Mexico in 1571; the native rebellion of Tehuantepec in 1660; and the emergence of eerily modern strategies for isolating idolaters, teaching Spanish to natives, and obtaining medical proof of sorcery from the 1720s onwards. Rather than depicting native devotions solely from the viewpoint of their colonial codifiers, this book rescues indigenous perspectives on their own beliefs. This is achieved by an analysis of previously unknown or rare ritual texts that circulated in secrecy in Nahua and Zapotec communities through an astute appropriation of European literacy. Tavárez contends that native responses gave rise to a colonial archipelago of faith in which local cosmologies merged insights from Mesoamerican and European beliefs. In the end, idolatry eradication inspired distinct reactions: while Nahua responses focused on epistemological dissent against Christianity, Zapotec strategies privileged confrontations in defense of native cosmologies.
David Tavárez is professor of anthropology at Vassar College, and a doctoral advisor at the PhD Program in Mesoamerican Studies at UNAM (Mexico). He is the author of The Invisible War: Indigenous Devotions, Discipline, and Dissent in Colonial Mexico, and a coauthor of Painted Words: Nahua Catholicism, Politics, and Memory in the Atzaqualco Pictorial Catechism (with Elizabeth Boone and Louise Burkhart), and of Chimalpahin's Conquest: A Nahua Historian's Rewriting of Francisco López de Gómara's La conquista de México (with Susan Schroeder, Anne Cruz, and Cristián Roa). He has also published more than forty peer-reviewed articles and chapters on Mesoamerican religion and colonial Latin American history. A recent recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship, his research has also been supported by grants from the NEH, the NSF, the Mellon Foundation, and the John Carter Brown Library.