Job: Understanding the Biblical Archetype of Patience

Each new generation of readers is shaped by different historical, cultural, and political contexts, which in turn require new interpretations of an old, yet continually mesmerizing story. The church fathers interpreted Job as a forerunner of Christ, while medieval Jewish commentators debated God's providential love. Artists, beginning at least in the Greco-Roman period, painted and sculpted their own interpretations. Goethe's reading of the satan figure in Faust is not the same as Chaucer's in The Canterbury Tales, and neither is fully consonant with the Testament of Job or the Qur'an.

In Job: Understanding the Biblical Archetype of Patience, Samuel E. Balentine examines this rich and varied history of interpretation by focusing on the principal characters in the story: Job, God, the satan, Job's wife, and his friends. Each chapter begins with a concise analysis of the biblical description of these characters, then explores how subsequent readers have expanded or reduced the story, shifted its major emphases or retained them, read the story as history or as fiction, and applied the morals of the story to the present or dismissed them as irrelevant.

The biblical story of Job leads to an ongoing practice of reading and rereading, evaluating and reevaluating. One need only compare the descriptions of God in the biblical account with the imaginative renderings by Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, and Franz Kafka to see that the effort to understand why God afflicts Job "for no reason" (2:3) continues to be both compelling and endlessly complicated.

Samuel E. Balentine is emeritus professor of Old Testament at Union Presbyterian Seminary. He is the author of numerous essays and books on Job.

James L. Crenshaw is one of the leading scholars in Old Testament wisdom literature. He was Robert L. Flowers Professor of the Old Testament at Duke University Divinity School from 1987 to 2008. A Guggenheim fellow, his books include The Psalms: An Introduction, Defending God: Biblical Responses to the Problem of Evil, and Prophets, Sages, and Poets.