The Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border

The Kickapoo Indians resisted outsiders’ every attempt to settle their lands--until finally they were forced to remove west of the Mississippi River to the plains of the Southwest. There they continued to wage war and acted as traders for border captives and goods. In 1873 they reluctantly settled on a reservation in Indian Territory. There, corrupt politicians, land swindlers, gamblers, and whiskey peddlers preyed on the tribe. Not until the twentieth century did the Kickapoos received just treatment at the hands of the United States government.

Arrell Morgan Gibson (1921–1987) was the George Lynn Cross Research Professor of History at the University of Oklahoma. He was the author of many books on western history, including The Chickasaws, The Life and Death of Colonel Albert Jennings Fountain, and Oklahoma: A History of Five Centuries, all published by the University of Oklahoma Press.