Born in a provincial city in the Peruvian Andes, the Franciscan linguist and theologian Luis Ger�nimo de Or� (1554–1630) lived during a critical period in the formation of the modern world, as the global empire of Spain engaged in a nearly continuous struggle over resources and religion.

In the first full-length biography of Or�, Noble David Cook and Alexandra Parma Cook reconstruct the friar’s life and the communities in which he circulated, tracing the career of this first-generation Creole from his roots in Huamanga to his work in Andean missions, his activities at the royal courts of Spain and throughout Spanish America, until his final years as bishop of Concepci�n, Chile. While serving in Peru’s Colca Valley, Or� composed multilingual texts, translating doctrinal concepts into the indigenous languages Quechua and Aymara, alongside Latin and Spanish, which missionaries and secular clergy frequently used in their conversion efforts. As commissioner to Cuba and La Florida, he inspected the frontier missions along the coast of what became the southeastern United States and wrote an influential history of these outposts and their environment. After Philip III dispatched him to Concepci�n, Or� spent his last years working in the southernmost end of the Americas, where he continued his advocacy for indigenous justice and engaged in heated arguments with the governor over defensive war, royal patronage, and Indian enslavement.

Drawn from research conducted in Spain and Latin America over several decades, this consequential biography recovers from obscurity a colonial friar whose legacy continues in the Andean world today.

About the Author

Noble David Cook is professor emeritus of history at Florida International University, and Alexandra Parma Cook is an independent scholar. The Cooks have worked together for more than fifty years and have coauthored several books, including The Plague Files: Crisis Management in Sixteenth-Century Seville.

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