METALLURGY IN ANCIENT ECUADOR

Metallurgical activity was present in Ecuador from at least 1500 BC; by around the beginning of the Common Era metallurgical manufacture and use had extended to most of the Costa and Sierra. Regional styles soon evolved giving rise to high levels of technical craftsmanship and to shaping particular iconographic and decorative patterns. Copper, gold, silver and platinum were mined, processed and converted into thousands of ornaments, offerings, tools and weapons extensively used both by elites and by the common people. By 1450, the Incas had invaded most of the Ecuadorian Sierra and eventually they integrated the diverse metallurgical traditions into their state-managed metallurgical industry. The European conquest in the sixteenth century deeply affected the native metallurgical activities, even though in some regions copper continued to be worked throughout the colonial period. The reconstruction of the general outlines of this fascinating historical process was made possible through the study of the collection of archaeological metal objects of the Ministry of Culture and Heritage of Ecuador, the compilation of previous archaeological references, laboratory analyses and C14 dating of museum objects. This work is the first one of its kind to be published on the ancient metallurgy of Ecuador.

Table of Contents

Introduction Chapter 1- The collection of the Ministry of Culture Chapter 2 - Previous studies on the pre-Hispanic metallurgy of Ecuador Chapter 3 - Metallogenesis and metal resources in Ecuador Chapter 4 - Early finds and the Initial Period Chapter 5 - La Tolita –Tumaco Chapter 6 - Jama – Coaque Chapter 7 – Bahia Chapter 8 - Milagro – Quevedo Chapter 9 - Manteño – Huancavilca Chapter 10 – Puruha Chapter 11 – Cañari Chapter 12 - Carchi – Nariño Chapter 13 - Isolated finds Chapter 14 - Inca Integration Chapter 15 - Iconography and symbolism Chapter 16 – Synthesis Chapter 17 - An interpretative proposal