Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) represent a diverse group of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint, the masticatory muscles, and associated orofacial structures. These disorders are among the most common causes of chronic orofacial pain and functional impairment, often presenting with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from joint sounds and restricted mandibular movements to debilitating pain and psychosocial distress. The complex anatomy and biomechanics of the temporomandibular joint, combined with the multifactorial nature of TMD etiology, pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for clinicians. A comprehensive understanding of the anatomical, histological, etiological, and diagnostic aspects of TMD is therefore essential for effective clinical management. This chapter aims to provide an evidence-based overview of temporomandibular disorders, emphasizing a systematic approach to diagnosis and a stepwise management strategy encompassing conservative, minimally invasive, and surgical treatment modalities to optimize patient outcomes.

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