This study traces the evolution of the Inquisition in the centuries before the Reformation, discussing its foundations in the medieval church; heresy, punishment, and penance; and sorcery and reform. Without mitigating its many cruelties and injustices, the author assesses the Inquisition, showing that the original intention of the inquisitors was to convert heretics into religious conformists through spiritual penances rather than to torture and kill them. Examines the period from the growth of Catharism in the late 12th century to the trials of Joan of Arc and Gilles de Rais in the 15th.

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