Medieval Life : William De Felton and Edlingham Castle, 1260?1324

Offers a biographical and archaeological exploration of William de Felton, builder of Edlingham Castle.

A Medieval Life: William de Felton and Edlingham Castle, 1260–1327 is a biography of a little-known man living in late thirteenth- and early fourteenth-century Britain. William’s precise birth and death dates are unrecorded, his place of origin has for a long time been unclear, and his parentage is still uncertain. Although
somewhat wealthy and privileged, William does not represent either the high aristocracy or the ‘great and the good’ of his time, and a central theme of this book is how to write a biography of someone relatively anonymous in the Middle Ages. There are plenty of books about kings, queens and battles; this book offers a
different perspective.

Its origin lies in archaeological excavations between 1978 and 1982 at Edlingham, Northumberland. The first house here, which grew to be called a castle, was built in the years around 1300. It was abandoned before the 1660s after less than four centuries of habitation, and nearly three centuries before it was uncovered by excavation. This book is not an excavation report, however, nor an architectural survey, but an attempt to ‘excavate’ the buried and concealed life of the castle’s founder, and to understand the unusual building he created. It is a biographical approach to history framed by archaeological and landscape perspectives: the biography of one man, which illuminates the lives of those around him and serves as a biography of a place and landscape.

William de Felton’s story can be told because he was unexpectedly well documented. His career as a middle-ranking servant in the royal households of Edward I and Edward II, combined with the bureaucratic habits of the king’s clerks, has bequeathed to historians two hundred documents that mention him. These documents are often individually banal, but taken together, and with other documentary evidence for William’s family, neighbours, friends and colleagues, they enable a reconstruction of his life. They show us William as husband and father, as a landowner, and as a traveller moving with the king’s armies and household from his native Shropshire, widely around England, into Wales, France, Flanders and Scotland, perhaps slightly contrary to the idea that medieval people travelled little. William began his career as an usher in the king’s bedchamber, and for many years was a soldier during Edward I’s ‘forever wars’, the early attempt to create by force a single nation on the British islands. He was an administrator or governor of occupied territories in Wales and Scotland, and later a local official in his adopted Northumberland. He was also a builder, notably for the king in Gascony and other places, but also in his own right, at Edlingham Castle, the centre-piece of this book, now an English Heritage public property.


Table of Contents

List of figures, plates, and tables
A note on referencing
Preface
Prologue

Part I: Introduction and methods
1. Setting the scene
2. Methods and problems
3. Finding the Feltons

Part II: Constance and William
4. Constance, a Northumberland heiress
5. William, a Shropshire boy

Part III: Early Years – William in the world
6. In the camera regis, 1278–1295
7. France and Gascony, 1286–1289
8. England, 1290–1295
9. Wales, and the keeping of Beaumaris, 1295–1300

Part IV: Edlingham
10. Acquiring Edlingham
11. Edlingham, the place
12. Farming
13. The people of Edlingham
14. Financing
15. Housebuilding
16. Function, and tradition or inspiration

Part V: Maturity – Life and death in the north
17. Years of war, 1297–1314
18. Justice and local government, 1308–1316
19. Towards an ending, 1314–1316
20. Last years

Epilogue

Annex A: William’s life in almost 200 documents
Annex B: Constance’s (his wife’s) under-recorded life
Further reading
Index

Graham Fairclough is an archaeologist and historian. He spent most of his career, between 1976 and 2012, working in heritage management in English Heritage and its predecessor. Over the years he has written widely on heritage management and landscape, in conference proceedings, academic journals and books. For the past 10 years he has been a researcher in Newcastle University’s School of History, Classics and Archaeology, and co-editor of the journal Landscapes. Between 1978 and 1982 he led the excavation of Edlingham Castle, in Northumberland.