What do we mean when we say things like 'If only we knew what he was up to!' Clearly this is more than just a message, or a question to our addressee. We are expressing simultaneously that we don't know, and also that we wish to know. Several modes of encoding contribute to such modalities of expression: word order, subordinating subjunctions, sentences that are subordinated but nevertheless occur autonomously, and attitudinal discourse adverbs which, far beyond lexical adverbials of modality, allow the speaker and the listener to presuppose full agreement, partial agreement under presupposed conditions, or negotiation of common ground. This state of the art survey proposes a new model of modality, drawing on data from a variety of Germanic and Slavic languages to find out what is cross-linguistically universal about modality, and to argue that it is a constitutive part of human cognition.

About the Author

Werner Abraham is Professor Emeritus in Linguistics and Mediaeval Studies at the Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands, Honorary Professor at the Universit�t Wien, and is still active at the Ludwig Maximilan University of Munich, Germany. He is author of more than 350 articles, 5 monographs, and 35 book collections.

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